Effects of HAART in the nutritional status of children and adolescents infected by HIV in Brazil: a systematic review

Abstract

The verification of factors associated with growth, body composition and nutritional and nutritional aspects after HIV infection in children or adolescents in Brazil is fundamental for progress in this area. We selected articles published until 2018, available on the platforms PubMed and Lilacs, using the keywords The following descriptors and their associations were used, extracted from MeSH: “Children”, “Adolescent”, “Anthropometry”, “Nutritional Assessment”, “HIV”, “Brazil” adding the filter “and” for advanced searches. A total of 1,450 articles were found, and after selection and full reading, 19 were selected. The studies agreed that children and adolescents living with HIV present or may present alterations in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition due to infection or associated with therapy. Significant differences were observed in weight and height in infected infants compared to uninfected infants. The evaluation and monitoring of diet quality, as well as serum micronutrient monitoring, are fundamental to guarantee the clinical and treatment conditions of these patients, as well as to prevent disorders due to low nutrient intakes.

Consequências imunológicas e sintomatológicas decorrentes da infecção do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV)

“…Em crianças com HIV, no estudo de LIMA et al (17) , concluiu em sua amostra que crianças e adolescentes que vivem com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana possuem baixa massa óssea para idade, e o uso de inibidores de protease parece estar relacionado a tais reduções. O que corrobora com Gratão, Nascimento e Pereira (30) , que em um levantamento bibliográfico concordaram que crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV apresentam ou podem ter alterações no metabolismo ósseo, de lipídeos e na composição corporal relacionada à infecção ou associadas à terapia. Existem poucas evidencias direcionadas a alterações citopatológicas do vírus HIV.…”

Follow-up of New Diagnoses of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV in 2018 in 8 Latin American Countries in the Plantaids Cohort: 3 Years Later

“…In children, HIV infection leads to malnutrition, which in turn can lead to growth retardation, although ndings differ widely depending on the geographical area and are more accentuated in middle-and low-income countries [31][32][33][34][35][36] . In our work, 28.3% and 51.1% of children under 5 years of age had, respectively, a weight and height percentile of less than 3 at the rst check-up after diagnosis, with a slight improvement in subsequent check-ups, after several months or years in treatment.…”

Dyslipidemia and Nutritional Status of HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents on Antiretroviral Treatment at the Comprehensive Chronic Care and Training Center of Jimma Medical Center

“…1 The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that, of about 1.7 million children under the age of 15 living with HIV, about 160,000 acquired the virus and 98,000 died from HIV-1-related causes in 2021. 2 The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) showed valuable results in HIV-infected individuals; it reduced morbidity and mortality, reduced the incidence of opportunistic diseases, increased length and quality of life, and improved neural development and linear growth in growing children. [2][3][4][5] Protease inhibitors (PIs), like ritonavir (RTV), darunavir and atazanavir, are well known to cause high triglycerides (TG), high total cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels.…”

“…2 The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) showed valuable results in HIV-infected individuals; it reduced morbidity and mortality, reduced the incidence of opportunistic diseases, increased length and quality of life, and improved neural development and linear growth in growing children. [2][3][4][5] Protease inhibitors (PIs), like ritonavir (RTV), darunavir and atazanavir, are well known to cause high triglycerides (TG), high total cholesterol and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. 6 It was found that children and adolescents on a lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) regimen had a four times greater chance of presenting with hypercholesterolemia and elevated TG levels when compared to those do not on ART.…”