Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament in a Porcine Model

Rodarte, Rodrigo Ribeiro Pinho; Guimarães, João Antônio Matheus; Duarte, Brenno Tavares; Kenedi, Paulo Pedro; Pinho, William Ribeiro

doi:10.1590/1413-785220223004e236261

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…Rodarte RPR et al [ 32 ] highlighted the mechanical behavior and stress–strain relation of in vitro porcine PCL, indicating linear behavior from 1000 to 5000 microstrain. We assessed the immature Yorkshire breed porcine ACL and its biomechanical properties in response to applied loads.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While a rise in ACL injuries among adolescents and skeletally immature patients is known, studying this demographic presents numerous challenges, including limited numbers of enrollment, ethical dilemmas involving their participation in trials, allowable risk levels in adolescent clinical trials, and parental consent complexities [ 32 , 37 , 38 ]. The scarcity of young and adolescent cadaveric specimens also limits ACL intrinsic biomechanics data [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of various load magnitudes on ACL: an in vitro study using adolescent porcine stifle joints

Koh,

Mungalpara,

Kim

et al. 2024

J Orthop Surg Res

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Introduction The escalating incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, particularly among adolescents, is a pressing concern. The study of ACL biomechanics in this demographic presents challenges due to the scarcity of cadaveric specimens. This research endeavors to validate the adolescent porcine stifle joint as a fitting model for ACL studies. Methods We conducted experiments on 30 fresh porcine stifle knee joints. (Breed: Yorkshire, Weight: avg 90 lbs, Age Range: 2–4 months). They were stored at − 22 °C and a subsequent 24-h thaw at room temperature before being prepared for the experiment. These joints were randomly assigned to three groups. The first group served as a control and underwent only the load-to-failure test. The remaining two groups were subjected to 100 cycles, with forces of 300N and 520N, respectively. The load values of 300N and 520N correspond to three and five times the body weight (BW) of our juvenile porcine, respectively. Result The 520N force demonstrated a higher strain than the 300N, indicating a direct correlation between ACL strain and augmented loads. A significant difference in load-to-failure (p = 0.014) was observed between non-cyclically loaded ACLs and those subjected to 100 cycles at 520N. Three of the ten samples in the 520N group failed before completing 100 cycles. The ruptured ACLs from these tests closely resembled adolescent ACL injuries in detachment patterns. ACL stiffness was also measured post-cyclical loading by applying force and pulling the ACL at a rate of 1 mm per sec. Moreover, ACL stiffness measurements decreased from 152.46 N/mm in the control group to 129.42 N/mm after 100 cycles at 300N and a more significant drop to 86.90 N/mm after 100 cycles at 520N. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were chosen for statistical analysis. Conclusions The porcine stifle joint is an appropriate model for understanding ACL biomechanics in the skeletally immature demographic. The results emphasize the ligament’s susceptibility to injury under high-impact loads pertinent to sports activities. The study advocates for further research into different loading scenarios and the protective role of muscle co-activation in ACL injury prevention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of various load magnitudes on ACL: an in vitro study using adolescent porcine stifle joints

Koh,

Mungalpara,

Kim

et al. 2024

J Orthop Surg Res

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“…Therefore, in sports medicine, it is important to thoroughly understand the mechanical properties and responses of the ligament and the mechanisms of injury or rupture to prevent ligament damage. Many mathematical simulations [ 5 ], as well as animal studies [ 6 , 7 ], have been conducted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Naya

Takanari

2023

J Orthop Surg Res

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Background An accurate understanding of the mechanical response of ligaments is important for preventing their damage and rupture. To date, ligament mechanical responses are being primarily evaluated using simulations. However, many mathematical simulations construct models of uniform fibre bundles or sheets using merely collagen fibres and ignore the mechanical properties of other components such as elastin and crosslinkers. Here, we evaluated the effect of elastin-specific mechanical properties and content on the mechanical response of ligaments to stress using a simple mathematical model. Methods Based on multiphoton microscopic images of porcine knee collateral ligaments, we constructed a simple mathematical simulation model that individually includes the mechanical properties of collagen fibres and elastin (fibre model) and compared with another model that considers the ligament as a single sheet (sheet model). We also evaluated the mechanical response of the fibre model as a function of the elastin content, from 0 to 33.5%. Both ends of the ligament were fixed to a bone, and tensile, shear, and rotational stresses were applied to one of the bones to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of the stress applied to the collagen and elastin at each load. Results Uniform stress was applied to the entire ligament in the sheet model, whereas in the fibre model, strong stress was applied at the junction between collagen fibres and elastin. Even in the same fibre model, as the elastin content increased from 0 to 14.4%, the maximum stress and displacement applied to the collagen fibres during shear stress decreased by 65% and 89%, respectively. The slope of the stress–strain relationship at 14.4% elastin was 6.5 times greater under shear stress than that of the model with 0% elastin. A positive correlation was found between the stress required to rotate the bones at both ends of the ligament at the same angle and elastin content. Conclusions The fibre model, which includes the mechanical properties of elastin, can provide a more precise evaluation of the stress distribution and mechanical response. Elastin is responsible for ligament rigidity during shear and rotational stress.

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“…Therefore, it is very important to accurately understand the mechanical properties and mechanical responses of the ligament and the mechanisms of its injury or rupture to prevent ligament damages in sports medicine. For better understanding, many mathematical simulations have been conducted [5], as well as animal studies [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: A mathematical simulation study

Naya

Takanari

2023

Preprint

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[Background] It is important to accurately understand the mechanical response of ligaments to prevent damage and rupture. Most mathematical simulation studies consider the ligament as a single uniform sheet or focus only on collagen fibers, ignoring the other major component such as elastin. We evaluated how elastin affects the mechanical response of the ligaments under stresses using a simple mathematical model. [Methods] Based on multiphoton microscopic images of porcine knee collateral ligaments, we constructed a simple mathematical simulation model that individually includes the mechanical properties of collagen fibers and elastin (fiber model) and compared with that considers the ligament as a single sheet (sheet model). We also evaluated the difference in mechanical response in the fiber model depending on the elastin content. [Results] Uniform stress was applied to the entire ligament in the sheet model, while strong stress was applied at the junction of collagen fibers and elastin in the fiber model. In the same fiber model, as elastin content increased, the stress and displacement applied to the collagen fibers during tensile and shear stresses decreased and the slope of the stress-strain relationship increased especially under shear stress. The stress required to rotate the bones at both ends of the ligament by the same angle increased with increasing elastin content. [Conclusions] The fiber model, which included the mechanical properties of elastin, could provide us more precise stress distribution and mechanical response. It was shown that elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligaments during shear and rotational stresses.

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Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament in a Porcine Model

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of various load magnitudes on ACL: an in vitro study using adolescent porcine stifle joints

Effects of various load magnitudes on ACL: an in vitro study using adolescent porcine stifle joints

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: a mathematical simulation study

Elastin is responsible for the rigidity of the ligament under shear and rotational stress: A mathematical simulation study

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