“…Several taper studies have accounted for the fir and spruce species in the world (Kozak et al, 1969;Newnham, 1992;Sharma and Zhang, 2004;Westfall and Scott, 2010;Li et al, 2012;Ung et al, 2013;Özcelik et al, 2019). These studies covered Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), white spruce (Picea glauca), black spruce (Picea marina), Norway spruce (Picea abies), red spruce (Picea rubens), alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) growing in different countries.…”