Antinociceptive activity of Ricinus communis seed’s hydroethanolic extract on male Balb/C mice

Abstract

Pain is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, noxious chemicals and microbiological agents. Use of chemical drugs and medicinal plants is a conventional method to manage pain; however, their side effects have caused increased tendency to the use of herbal medicines among patients. This study was conducted to investigate antinociceptive action of Ricinus communis seed's extract (RCE) in male Balb/C mice. In this experimental study, 72 male mice weighing 25-35gr were used. Animals were randomly divided into six groups of 12 mice each, including: Control group, three groups separately treated respectively with 100, 200, and 400mg/kg hydroethanolic R. communis seed extract, morphine (1mg/kg)-treated group, and naloxone (0.1mg/kg) + R. communis seed extract (200mg/ kg)-treated group. All animals received extract and drugs intraperitoneally. To evaluate the analgesic effect of the extract, writhing and tail flick tests were used. The 200 and 400mg/kg of the extract significantly increased pain threshold compared to the control group in writhing and tail flick tests (P<0.01). Moreover, 400mg/kg of the extract showed a stronger antinociceptive effect especially in writhing test compared to the control and other treated groups (P<0.001). Analgesic effects of hydroethanolic R. communis seed extract observed in the tail flick and writhing tests are probably related to activation of opioid system. Results may suggest that this plant extract might be beneficial in relieving human pain. RESUMO:A dor é um sentido com efeitos essencialmente protetores. Ouso de drogas químicas e plantas medicinais é um método convencional para gerenciar a dor, no entanto, seus efeitos colaterais têm causado uma maior tendência para o uso de ervas medicamentosas entre os pacientes. Este estudo nos levou a investigar as ações antinociceptivas do extrato de sementes de Ricinus communis (RCE) em camundongos machos. Neste estudo experimental, foram utilizados 72 camundongos machos com peso de 25±30gr. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos de 12 cada: grupo controle, três grupos tratados separadamente com 100, 200 e 400mg/kg de extrato de sementes de R. communis hidroetanolico, grupo tratado com morfina (1mg/kg) e naloxona (0,1mg/kg) + R. Grupo tratado com extrato de semente de communis (200mg/kg). Para avaliar o efeito analgésico do extrato, utilizaram-se testes de contorção e cauda. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA e pelo teste de Tukey. P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Dose de 200 e 400mg/kg de extrato aumentou significativamente o limite de dor em comparação com o grupo controle em testes de retorção e cauda (P<0,01). Além disso, 400mg/ kg de extracto apresentaram efeito antinoceptivo mais forte especialmente no teste de contorção em comparação com o controle e outros grupos tratados (P <0,001). Os efeitos analgésicos do extrato de semente de R. communanolanol foram observados no teste da cauda e nos testes de contorção. Este efeito provavelmente está relacionado à ativa...

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“…These GPCRs trigger the opening of a specific type of potassium channel (GIRK’s) that inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC’s), leading to a reduction in neuronal excitability in the CNS to relieve pain. Despite the powerful analgesic effect of morphine, this drug induces severe reactions, including tolerance, respiratory depression, and physical and psychological dependence ( Yamanaka and Sadikot, 2013 ; Esfandyari et al, 2018 ). Given this, the pharmaceutical industry is committed to developing new drugs with therapeutic activity similar to morphine but with reduced side effects, which are considered limiting factors to their use ( Hess et al, 2010 ; Vilella, 2018 ).…”

“…To explore these findings, the opioid system’s role in the antinociceptive effect of ACS-AZ was investigated. The neurotransmission opioid system participates in both the modulation and the perception of painful sensations in sites located at the spinal and supraspinal levels ( Dash et al, 2015 ; Esfandyari et al, 2018 ). Therefore, the animals were again submitted to the formalin test but some groups received pretreatment with the non-selective (naloxone) and μ1-selective (naloxonazine) opioid antagonists.…”