Effects of tramadol and acepromazine on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in young healthy cats

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the systemic administration of acepromazine, tramadol and the association of both on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in young healthy cats. Cats were randomly allocated into three groups (n=10/each) and intramuscular acepromazine (AG), tramadol (TG) or acepromazine combined with tramadol (ATG) were injected. PD (electronic caliper) and IOP (applanation tonometry) were assessed before (baseline) and following 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of treatments. It was verified that in AG, PD decreased significantly from time point 30 to 120 (P=0.002), but such reduction did not differ significantly from baseline (P=0.89). In TG, PD increased significantly from the first 15 minutes, until the last time point of evaluation (P<0.001). In ATG, PD increased significantly from time point 30 to 120 when compared to baseline (P<0.001); but significant differences from time point 30 to 120 were not seen (P=0.71). Comparisons among groups showed that PD values of TG and ATG were significantly higher than that of AG (P<0.05). IOP values, on the other hand, did not change significantly among time points and groups (P>0.05). It can be concluded that tramadol alone or in association with acepromazine produced significant mydriasis for up to 120 minutes, without changing IOP values in normal cats. Results of this study suggested that tramadol alone or in association with acepromazine caused significant mydriasis and did not change IOP values in normal cats. Therefore, it may be considered a satisfactory pre-anesthetic combination for ophthalmic surgery in cats. However, further studies are warranted on the use of such protocols in cats with ophthalmic diseases undergoing ocular or intraocular surgery.

Effects of Medetomidine, Dexmedetomidine and their combination with Acepromazine on the intraocular pressure (IOP), tear secretion and pupil diameter in dogs

“…However, the parameter had a significant decrease at the 15th and 20th min in the M group, compared to baseline time, but it was not significant in the MA group. In a study by Schroder et al (2018) that investigated the effects of tramadol and Acepromazine and their combination on dog eye factors, they found that injection of acepromazine alone or in combination with…”

“…In a study by Schroder et al. (2018) that investigated the effects of tramadol and Acepromazine and their combination on dog eye factors, they found that injection of acepromazine alone or in combination with tramadol did not cause any significant changes in the intraocular pressure. Injecting Acepromazine alone to dogs in the first 30 min caused a significant increase and then a decrease in the intraocular pressure, but no significant change occurred in intraocular pressure in the Acepromazine‐tramadol group during this period, probably due to the predominant effect of Acepromazine on tramadol.…”

“…In addition to its sedative properties, by interfering with dopamine transfer in the central nervous system (CNS), it can reduce the dose of anaesthetic injections and inhalers, and has anti‐emetic and anti‐arrhythmic properties (Monteiro et al., 2009). Studies have indicated that some of these drugs and combinations have ocular side effects (Leonardi et al., 2020; Schroder et al., 2018). This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of Medetomidine and Acepromazine as well as Dexmedetomidine and Acepromazine on intraocular pressure, tear secretion and pupil diameter.…”

Clinical pharmacology of tramadol and tapentadol, and their therapeutic efficacy in different models of acute and chronic pain in dogs and cats

“…In many cases, the neuroleptoanalgesia afforded by acepromazine increases the weak analgesic effect of the opioid. In particular, this pre-anesthetic association has also been considered a suitable option for ophthalmic surgery in cats [ 88 ], with benefits such as unaltered intraocular pressure and sustained mydriasis when co-administered with tramadol (3 mg/kg IM), distinct from acepromazine alone (0.05 mg/kg IM) [ 89 ]. The analgesic potency of 2 mg/kg IM tramadol or EPI tramadol co-administered with lidocaine (3 mg/kg EPI) was also evaluated in terms of painful mechanical stimuli following pressure application from hemostatic forceps in the skin of several body regions.…”

Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol

“…The effects of systemic opioid narcotics on the PD vary greatly between species and between classes of mixed and pure opioid agonists (Sharp, 1991). One study has demonstrated that tramadol alone or in association with acepromazine caused significant mydriasis and did not change IOP values in normal cats (Schroder et al, 2018).…”