One-Year Water Sorption and Solubility of All-in-One Adhesives

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the water sorption and solubility of different adhesives. Adper Easy Bond, Adper Single Bond Plus, Bond Force, Clearfil SE Bond (bonding resin only), and Xeno IV were the materials evaluated. Ten disks of each adhesive were made in Teflon molds and evaporation of any volatile components was allowed. The disks were weighed daily in an analytical balance until a constant mass was obtained (m1). Disks were then immersed in water for 12 months when their wet weight was recorded (m2). The disks were again weighed daily until a constant mass was obtained and the final weight recorded (m3). Water sorption and solubility (percentages) were calculated using the recorded mass values. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the average water sorption and solubility among the different adhesives. Mann-Whitney tests with a Bonferroni correction were used to determine the pairwise differences between adhesives in water sorption and solubility. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Water sorption and solubility were significantly different among the groups (p<0.05). Pairwise comparisons showed no significant differences (p>0.05) between Adper Single Bond Plus and Bond Force, or between Clearfil SE Bond and Xeno IV in either water sorption or solubility. Xeno IV did not differ from Adper Easy Bond in water sorption (p>0.05). Water sorption and solubility of all-in-one adhesives increased with time, and the rates of increase were composition-dependent. The results suggest that monomers other than HEMA contribute to water sorption and solubility of adhesive systems from different categories.

Debonding characteristics of orthodontic brackets subjected to intraoral stresses under different adhesive regimes: An in-vitro study

“…12 Moreover, some authors have indicated that water sorption may affect the modulus of elasticity of adhesives and promote their softening. 11 A study conducted by Palacios and Espínola 25 indicated that a resin composite-based orthodontic adhesive, “Transbond XT”, exhibited a lower water sorption, solubility, and film thickness than either acrylic or glass-ionomer-based adhesives. Studies by Malacarne et al 26 and Itoh et al 27 have shown that the amount of water sorption and the water diffusion coefficient of self-etch methacrylate-based primers are material-dependent properties.…”

“…9 Medically compromised and mouth-breathing patients may experience dry mouth, 10 a condition that involves cyclic episodes of wet and dry intraoral environments, with possible sorption and loss of fluids by the resin-based restoratives and adhesives. 11 This can result in stress and weakening of the bonding interfaces. 12 However, to our knowledge, no study has yet evaluated the effect of such stresses on the bracket-tooth bonds.…”

Evaluation of the water sorption of luting cements in different solutions

“…Müller et al concluded that water sorption according to ISO 4049 provides reliable results (46). Some studies have shown that polymeric materials absorb water continuously over a long period of time (6,47). A future study could be extended to a longer period of time, such as 30, 90, and 180 days, and one year of the specimens being immersed in water.…”

Nanoleakage and Durability of Resin/Dentin Bonds

“…Although the perfect encapsulation of the collagen matrix by the resin monomers is necessary for the formation of an ideal hybrid layer, the imperfect penetration of the resin into the collage web is inevitable for total-etch adhesives and, as well, to a lesser extent, self-etching adhesive systems [5,6]. The use of an adhesive resin can yield permeable and unstable bonds that are susceptible to water sorption, which can lead to the hydrolytic degradation of the bonds [7][8][9][10]. This tendency towards degradation has become increasingly pronounced in some recently developed adhesive systems such as the one-bottle resin systems because of their hydrophilicity [8][9][10].…”

“…The use of an adhesive resin can yield permeable and unstable bonds that are susceptible to water sorption, which can lead to the hydrolytic degradation of the bonds [7][8][9][10]. This tendency towards degradation has become increasingly pronounced in some recently developed adhesive systems such as the one-bottle resin systems because of their hydrophilicity [8][9][10]. The hydrophilic nature of these systems is caused by their polar ingredients (e.g., acetone, ethanol, and water), which are necessary for the flowability of the adhesives or the ionization of the acidic monomers [10,11].…”