“…Across the past four decades, the most common way that researchers have attempted to capture the nature of father-child relationships is by measuring components of father involvement (Palkovitz, 2018). Despite the proliferation of empirical research on father involvement, there is no universal theory (Cabrera, Fitzgerald, Bradley, & Roggman, 2007), model (Bossardi et al, 2018) or measure (Schoppe-Sullivan, McBride, & Ringo-Ho, 2004) of father involvement. Bossardi et al (2018) noted that the "diversity of models of paternal involvement is reflected in the existence of various definitions, instruments and ways of accessing the phenomenon" (p. 2).…”