Are Enterotypes in Obese Modified by Bariatric Surgery, the Use of Probiotic Supplements and Food Habits?

Abstract

Introduction: Studies suggest that bariatric surgery, use of probiotic supplements and the dietary pattern can change enterotypes, as well as the entire microbial population. Objective: To verify the influence of bariatric surgery, the use of probiotic supplements and eating habits on enterotypes in obese patients. Methods: Articles published between the 2015 and 2020 were searched in Lilacs and PubMed with the headings: probiotics, eating behavior, food consumption, food, diet, microbiota, gastrointestinal microbiome, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass and the keyword enterotype in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Results: Of the 260 articles found, only studies carried out in obese adults relating changes in the enterotype after bariatric surgery or use of probiotics or dietary patterns and original articles were selected. In the end, eight papers on enterotype change and bariatric surgery were selected and categorized, four on the relationship between food consumption and microbiota and one on the effects of probiotics on enterotypes. Conclusion: The microbial structure is widely modified after bariatric surgery, since the use of probiotic supplement does not bring lasting changes. Enterotypes appear to be shaped by long-term dietary patterns, can modulate how nutrients are metabolized and can be a useful biomarker to improve clinical management.

Neurohormonal Changes in the Gut–Brain Axis and Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms following Bariatric Surgery

“…There is evidence that BS induces changes in the gut microbiota composition, and these changes appear to be associated with food choices [ 410 ]. Following BS, a food shift in intake away from energy-dense food such as high-fat and high-sugar products and a preference for healthier options has been observed [ 411 ].…”

“…Dietary preferences are different for each individual after BS; therefore, various diets can affect the gut microbiome differently [ 411 ]. For instance, the typical “Western diet”, which is rich in fat, is associated with the Bacteroides enterotype and usually decreases after BS due to a dietary shift towards healthier choices [ 410 ]. A Mediterranean diet is associated with a decreased abundance of Prevotella copri and reduces the risk of cardiometabolic disease [ 413 ].…”

“…A Mediterranean diet is associated with a decreased abundance of Prevotella copri and reduces the risk of cardiometabolic disease [ 413 ]. In addition, the use of probiotic supplementation after BS has shown a beneficial modulation in the gut microbiome profile, a promotion of the absorption of micronutrients and an improvement in inflammatory markers; however, these changes seem to be transient [ 410 , 414 ]. Gut microbiome composition is important for the metabolic benefits observed after BS, and maintaining a healthy nutritional status is vital after BS, as it has been found that microbiome abundance is decreased in nutrient deficiency often caused by BS [ 415 ].…”

Perda De Peso E O Comprimento Do Intestino Delgado Na Cirurgia De Fobi-Capella: Há Relação?

“…Os fatores relacionados à perda de peso nos pacientes obesos submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica sempre foram exaustivamente estudados na tentativa de propor a melhor técnica cirúrgica com maior perda de peso e resolução das comorbidades à longo prazo. Sabe-que que os pacientes apresentam variações anatômicas no que tange o comprimento do intestino delgado, o qual tem seu comprimento variado de 3,36 m a 7,64 m, apresenta diâmetro de aproximadamente 4 cm, representando aproximadamente uma área de 250m² 2,6,7 .…”

“…Factors related to weight loss in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery have always been extensively studied in an attempt to propose the best surgical technique with greater weight loss and long-term resolution of comorbidities. It is known that patients have anatomical variations in the length of the small intestine, which varies in length from 3.36 to 7.64 m and has a diameter of approximately 4 cm, representing approximately an area of 250 m² 2 , 6 , 7 .…”