Trends of height-for-age Z-scores according to age among Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019

Self Cite

This manuscript aims to report the nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019. Microdata from the Brazilian National Survey on Demography and Health of Women and Children (PNDS 2006) and the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) were analyzed. The indicators considered were: micronutrient status (anemia and vitamin A deficiency), anthropometric status (stunting and excessive weight), and breastfeeding practice (exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months and continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months). We also analyzed minimum dietary diversity (MDD), consumption of ultra-processed foods, consumption of meat or eggs, and not consuming fruits or vegetables in children 6-59 months of age only for ENANI-2019. Equiplot charts were generated according to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color. From 2006 to 2019, the prevalence rates of anemia and vitamin A deficiency decreased from 20.5% to 10.1% and 17.2% to 6%, respectively. The prevalence of stunting remained at 7%, and excessive weight rates increased from 6% to 10.1%. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among children < 6 months increased from 38.6% to 45.8%, and of continued breastfeeding among children 12-23 months from 34.6% to 43.6%. In 2019, 61.5% of children achieved the MDD, 88.8% consumed ultra-processed foods, 83.1% consumed meat or egg, and 25.7% did not consume fruits or vegetables the day before the survey. Trends of decreased micronutrient deficiencies, increased breastfeeding, and excessive weight rates, as well as reductions in disparities related to geographic region, maternal schooling level, and maternal race/skin color, were observed for most of the indicators.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Nutrition transition in Brazilian children under 5 years old from 2006 to 2019

Castro,

Anjos,

Lacerda

et al. 2023

Self Cite

“…The findings of ENANI-2019 have been extensively described in other articles in this special issue 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 . Here we present a brief summary of these findings.…”

Section: Summary Of Dietary and Health Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Framing poor diet quality as malnutrition: the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019)

Scrinis,

Castro

2023

Based on the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) results, this article reflects on the adequacy of the “malnutrition in all its forms” framework and system of classification for representing and interpreting these dietary transitions in Brazilian children. We highlight the limitations of this classification system, including the focus on health outcomes and anthropometric measures, the siloed understanding of these forms of malnutrition, the lack of relevance of the obesity category to children under 5 years old, and the failure to adequately address the various measures of poor quality diets captured by ENANI-2019. As an alternative, based on an approach developed by Gyorgy Scrinis to reframing malnutrition in all its forms, we suggest a need for frameworks that focus on describing and classifying the nature of, and changes to, dietary patterns, rather than focused on health outcomes.

“…The prevalence of stunting and underweight in children decreased significantly in Brazil from 1974 to 2006, and the prevalence of overweight in children < 5 years old remained constant 36 . However, from 2006 to 2019, the prevalence of overweight and wasting increased, and stunting was stable in Brazilian children under 5 years old, but when considering the < 1-year-old group, the prevalence increased from 4.9% to 9% 15 , 37 , 38 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Malnutrition in mother-child dyads in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019)

Farias,

Anjos,

Freitas

et al. 2023

Malnutrition affects billions of individuals worldwide and represents a global health challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition or overweight) among mother-child dyads in children under 5 years old in Brazil in 2019 and to estimate changes in this prevalence from 2006 to 2019. Individual-level data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) and the Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health of Women and Children carried out in 2006 (PNDS 2006) were analyzed. Malnutrition outcomes in mother-child dyads included overweight mother and child, undernourished mother and child, and the double burden of malnutrition, i.e., overweight mother and child having any form of undernourishment (stunting, wasting, or underweight). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Most women (58.2%) and 9.7% of the children were overweight, 6.9% were stunted, and 3.1% of mothers and 2.9% of the children were underweight. The prevalence of overweight in the mother-child dyad was 7.8% and was statistically higher in Southern Brazil (9.7%; 95%CI: 7.5; 11.9) than in the Central-West (5.4%; 95%CI: 4.3; 6.6). The prevalence of overweight mother and stunted child was 3.5%, with statistically significant difference between the extremes of the mother’s education [0-7 vs. ≥ 12 years, 4.8% (95%CI: 3.2; 6.5) and 2.1%, (95%CI: 1.2; 3.0), respectively]. Overweight in the dyad increased from 5.2% to 7.8%, and the double burden of malnutrition increased from 2.7% to 5.2% since 2006. Malnutrition in Brazilian mother-child dyads seems to be a growing problem, and dyads with lower formal education, higher maternal age, and from the South Region of Brazil were more vulnerable.