Biopolíticas do aleitamento materno: uma análise dos movimentos global e local e suas articulações com os discursos do desenvolvimento social

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the links between the production of biopolitics for breastfeeding and social development discourses after the post-war period, with a view towards problematizing the nature/culture dichotomy by which breastfeeding is often operationalized. The study adopts an anthropological perspective to compare biopolitics for breastfeeding with the changes in developmentalist discourses. The analysis of global movements by these biopolitics helped explain how a network of distinct entities (e.g., government agencies, multilateral bodies, international development agencies, and nongovernmental organizations) have shaped breastfeeding over time in keeping with the prevailing developmentalist discourses and practices. Initially, the developmentalist discourse focused on industrialization and modernization, and breastfeeding was not the focus of public policies. In the 1970s and 1980s, when the developmentalist discourse shifted the focus to child malnutrition and infant mortality, the first global biopolitics for breastfeeding were launched, and breastfeeding practice began to be operationalized as a means to fight these health problems. Meanwhile, the contemporary social development discourse also evokes a process of individual development. Simultaneously, biopolitics for breastfeeding rely on various technologies for this purpose. The conclusion is that developmentalist discourses act as a sociocultural reference by which breastfeeding is operationalized, and thus that breastfeeding is not only a natural process, but also a political, economic, and social one.

Sustainability of the Breastfeeding-Friendly Primary Care Initiative: a cross-sectional study

“…The commitment of the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Health Secretariat in the training of professionals in IUBAAM seems to be one of the pillars for the sustainability of this initiative, despite the period of political and economic crisis, which threatens the principles of the Unified Health System (18) , and the staff turnover resulting from the model of Social Health Organizations adopted in this municipality (19) . Step 4 also showed a high degree of compliance: mothers' appreciation of listening and strengthening their selfconfidence in breastfeeding indicates that this guidance has been provided within the counseling paradigm (4,20) .…”

“…Brazil has been an example in the promotion, protection, and support of breastfeeding, with government leadership and the active participation of civil society (3) . Policies to promote breastfeeding in Brazil have been in place since 1981, with the creation of the National Program to Encourage Breastfeeding, which ran media campaigns, established legislation to protect breastfeeding, and developed an innovative network of Human Milk Banks (4) .…”

Uma breve passagem dos Direitos Reprodutivos e Sexuais a partir da Maternidade encarcerada na Unidade Materno Infantil – RJ

“…Em 2008 o Brasil criou uma biopolítica que amplia a proteção e o apoio à prática de amamentação para além dos hospitais: a Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil (EAAB) , adicionando alimentos sólidos a 8 partir do sexto mês de vida dos bebês. E em 2010 foi lançada a política de promover instalações de salas de apoio à amamentação em empresas públicas e privadas para que as funcionárias que estão amamentando possam retirar e estocar seu leite durante o trabalho para oferecer a seu filho ou doá-lo (Hernandez, et. al, 2018).…”

Avaliação do impacto de intervenção educativa em farmácias com promoção comercial de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno

“…Com o objetivo de proteger as mães contra o marketing abusivo de produtos que competem com o aleitamento materno foram criadas políticas globais e locais de proteção à amamentação 6 . O Código Internacional de Comercialização de Substitutos do Leite Materno representa o mais importante marco mundial de proteção à amamentação, tendo sido lançado pela OMS em 1981 7 .…”