“…However, this argument is flawed, for two reasons: first, because the rate in question here is the observed real exchange rate, whose indices are based only on the differences between the domestic and external inflation rates (and, in the case of the real effective exchange rate, are weighted for the relative importance of each of Brazil's trading partners); and, second (and perhaps most importantly), as may be seen from figure 2, the Brazilian currency was shedding the effects of the excessive undervaluation seen in October 2002, when there was a clear case of overshooting in the real-dollar exchange rate. As noted by Barbosa-Filho (2015, p. 405), 2003-2005 was a period of "exchange-rate correction" because that was the time during which the appreciation of the Brazilian real was undoing the sharp depreciation of the currency that had occurred in the preceding years. 34 As observed earlier, according to the hypothesis of relative purchasing power parity, in order to maintain a currency's real purchasing power, the nominal exchange rate should correct for the difference between the cumulative domestic and external inflation rates.…”