Expansion of T regulatory lymphocytes by murine bone marrow dendritic cells previously stimulated with Anisakis simplex larval antigens

Abstract

BACKGROUND Anisakis simplex antigens present immunomodulatory properties by the induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) in mice. OBJECTIVES To study the capacity of DCs stimulated with A. simplex excretory-secretory (ES) or crude extract (CE) to generate T regs. To investigate in vitro effects of antigens on the metabolic activity of splenocytes induced by LPS or CpG. METHODS Phenotypic and functional characterization of T cells co-cultured with A. simplex-pulsed DCs was performed by flow cytometry. Lymphocyte mitochondrial respiratory activity was estimated by the Alamar Blue ® Assay. FINDINGS In C57BL/6J, CD4 + CD25-Foxp3 + and CD8 + CD25-Foxp3 + populations increased by CE-stimulated-DCs. In BALB/c, CE-stimulated-DCs caused the expansion of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + IL-10+ and CD8 + CD25 + Foxp3 + IL-10+. IFN-γ expression raised in BALB/c CD4 + CD25 + and CD4 + CD25for CE and ES, respectively. ES-stimulated-DCs increased CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + and CD8 + CD25-Foxp3 + expression in T cells. The association of ES or CE with LPS produced the increase in splenocyte activity in C57BL/6J. The association of CE with CpG decreased the proliferation caused by CpG in C57BL/6J. MAIN CONCLUSIONS A. simplex increase the frequency of T regs , which in turn produce IL-10 and IFN-γ. The host genetic base is essential in the development of anti-Anisakis immune responses (Th2, Th1, T reg).

Functionality of immune cells in COVID-19 infection: development of cell-based therapeutics

“… 58 , 59 Also, scRNA seq data indicates a more significant decrease in TCD8 + lymphocytes in patients with a severe COVID-19 infection than in milder form. 60 The lymphopenia in patients with more severe disease may be associated with higher levels of TNF as well as IL-6 and IL-10, 55 , 61 , 62 which has directly the potential effect on the T lymphocyte populations 63 , 64 and indirectly influence the number of dendritic cells and neutrophils as important defense cells. 65 , 66 Other factors that reduce the number of T lymphocytes include overexpression of apoptotic molecules such as FAS or CD95 13 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or CASPASE-3.…”

What Do In Vitro and In Vivo Models Tell Us about Anisakiasis? New Tools Still to Be Explored

“…Although helminthic infections are often underestimated due to their low mortality rates and complicated diagnostic approaches, in vitro and in vivo methods have given appreciable answers to deepen the understanding of helminth-related pathogenesis in humans [ 78 ]. Generally, two coexistent opposite responses, Th1 and Th2, seem to be generated by A. simplex -derived material, as also observed in other helminthic infections, and the genetic background of the host also plays a role in favor of Th2 or Treg response [ 79 ]. However, Anisakis is still largely neglected among parasitic helminths.…”