Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus prevalence/co-infection rates for a four-year period in a non-metropolitan blood center in Southeast Brazil

This narrative review, which is based on a systematic literature search following the PRISMA guidelines, provides a general overview of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and associated diseases: Adult T-cell Leukaemia-Lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in Latin America, focusing on epidemiology and prevention. Using the published information on HTLV-1, ATLL and HAM/TSP prevalence, we present comprehensive and accurate maps and tables, and developed an algorithm to assist in the prevention of HTLV-1 transmission through breastfeeding while considering socio-economic status. Latin America is an interesting scenario to study HTLV-1 because of the diverse origin of its population. Apart from the expected high prevalence in inhabitants of African ancestry, the presence of endemic foci affecting indigenous populations is particularly striking. ATLL prevention is the biggest challenge in this field. Most ATLL cases are transmitted through breastfeeding; thus, prevention methods to avoid ATLL in endemic countries have to be focused on this. In view of the high inequality in most Latin American countries, reduction in breastfeeding duration, freezing/ thawing and pasteurisation of breastmilk can be suitable interventions in poor settings, considering that avoiding the risk of malnutrition and infant mortality must be the priority.

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“… Most of the reports were performed in Brazil, Peru and Jamaica; all of them are considered endemic regions , , . …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human T‐Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America

Eusebio‐Ponce

Candel

Anguita

2019

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…In the former, the highest prevalence was demonstrated in the North-North East region, in particular in Salvador de Bahia, ranging from 0.046% to 1.8% [ 303 , 306 , 308 , 309 , 310 , 312 , 313 , 319 , 320 , 356 , 357 , 358 , 359 , 360 , 361 , 362 , 363 , 364 , 365 , 366 ], with slightly higher prevalence in specific villages with African characteristics, such as Piaui (2.24%) [ 359 ], Taquarendi (3.85%), Junco (1.23%), Alegre (1.56%) [ 363 ] and Marajó Island (1–2.06%) [ 366 ]. In the South and South Eastern regions, HTLV prevalence ranged from 0.02% to 1.5% [ 302 , 303 , 305 , 318 , 321 , 322 , 358 , 367 , 368 , 369 , 370 ]. In urban Northern and Southern regions HTLV-1 prevailed over HTLV-2 [ 309 , 310 , 313 , 314 , 317 , 358 ].…”

Section: Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED

Chabay

Lens

Hassan

et al. 2020

Cancers

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The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) are lymphomagenic viruses with region-specific induced morbidity. The RIAL-CYTED aims to increase the knowledge of lymphoma in Latin America (LA), and, as such, we systematically analyzed the literature to better understand our risk for virus-induced lymphoma. We observed that high endemicity regions for certain lymphomas, e.g., Mexico and Peru, have a high incidence of EBV-positive lymphomas of T/NK cell origin. Peru also carries the highest frequency of EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and EBV-positive diffuse large B cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), than any other LA country. Adult T cell lymphoma is endemic to the North of Brazil and Chile. While only few cases of KSHV-positive lymphomas were found, in spite of the close correlation of Kaposi sarcoma and the prevalence of pathogenic types of KSHV. Both EBV-associated HL and Burkitt lymphoma mainly affect young children, unlike in developed countries, in which adolescents and young adults are the most affected, correlating with an early EBV seroconversion for LA population despite of lack of infectious mononucleosis symptoms. High endemicity of KSHV and HTLV infection was observed among Amerindian populations, with differences between Amazonian and Andean populations.

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“…A prior review of hospitalized patients in Central Australia found that 19.2% of individuals with HTLV-1 were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). 1 Globally, regions endemic for HTLV-1/2 that have reported estimated co-infection prevalence include Japan, 12 Brazil, 13,14 Argentina, 15 and northern Iran 16,17 (summarized in Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection in the Northern Territory, Australia

Marr

Davies

Baird

2017

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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A significantly higher prevalence rate of HBV was found in HTLV-1-positive individuals from the Northern Territory. When considering the higher exposure to HBV in HTLV-1-positive individuals, the clearance of HBV appears lower than in those individuals testing HTLV-1-negative. A lower prevalence of clearance in HTVL-1-positive individuals than in HTLV-1-negative individuals, as signified by formation of HBVcAb and HBVsAb in HTVL-1 positive individual's may equate to higher prevalence of ongoing coinfection.

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Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus prevalence/co-infection rates for a four-year period in a non-metropolitan blood center in Southeast Brazil

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Human T‐Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America

Human T‐Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 and associated diseases in Latin America

Lymphotropic Viruses EBV, KSHV and HTLV in Latin America: Epidemiology and Associated Malignancies. A Literature-Based Study by the RIAL-CYTED

Hepatitis B virus and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 co-infection in the Northern Territory, Australia

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