Gonotrophic discordance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Santana, Sabrina Ribeiro; Andrade, Pâmela dos Santos; Urbinatti, Paulo Roberto; Almeida, Rosa Maria Marques de Sá; Lima-Camara, Tamara Nunes

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0277-2019

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…Mosquitoes do not produce pools of blood, instead they penetrate the skin "surgically" searching for a capillary with their proboscis of (1.5-2.0 mm long), accompanied by a pushing and withdrawing movement until it hits a capillary from which to withdraw blood (53). Mosquitoes feeding on blood is also associated with their gonotrophic cycle, but multiple feedings have been reported in some species (54,55).…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks

Sanz-Bernardo

Haga

Wijesiriwardana

et al. 2021

J Virol

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Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. Vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterised. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease we fed four model vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans and Culicoides nubeculosus) on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine their acquisition and retention of LSDV. Subclinical disease was a more common outcome than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle. Importantly, the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from a subclinical animal (0.006) was very low compared to acquisition from a clinical animal (0.23), meaning an insect feeding on a subclinical animal was 97% less likely to acquire LSDV than one feeding on a clinical animal. All four potential vector species studied acquired LSDV at a similar rate from the host, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in this study were combined with data from studies of LSDV transmission and vector life history parameters to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species. This was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), C. nubeculosus (7.1), and Ae. aegypti (2.4), indicating these three species are potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV, which can be used to inform LSD control programmes. Importance: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterised by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia, and across Asia. The vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have promoted this rapid geographic spread of the virus, however a lack of quantitative evidence about LSDV transmission has hampered effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Our research shows subclinical cattle play little part in virus transmission relative to clinical cattle, and reveals a low probability of virus acquisition by insects at the pre-clinical stage. We have also calculated the reproductive number of different insect species, therefore identifying efficient transmitters of LSDV. This information is of utmost importance, as it will help to define epidemiological control measures during LSDV epidemics and of particular consequence in resource-poor regions where LSD vaccination may be less than adequate.

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks

Sanz-Bernardo

Haga

Wijesiriwardana

et al. 2021

J Virol

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“…Mosquitoes do not produce pools of blood, instead they penetrate the skin "surgically" searching for a capillary with their proboscis of (1.5-2.0 mm long), accompanied by a pushing and withdrawing movement until it hits a capillary from which to withdraw blood 53 . Mosquitoes feeding on blood is also associated to their gonotrophic cycle, but multiple feedings have been reported in some species 54,55 Despite these variations in feeding behaviour, all four insect species acquire LSDV at the same rate, indicating that virus acquisition is not influenced by feeding behaviour.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantifying and modelling the acquisition and retention of lumpy skin disease virus by haematophagus insects reveals clinically but not subclinically-affected cattle are promoters of viral transmission and key targets for control of disease outbreaks

Sanz-Bernardo

Haga

Wijesiriwardana

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Robust transmission parameters are required in order to control infectious diseases. With a novel approach, we combine in vivo experimental studies with mathematical modelling to estimate transmission parameters of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a vector-transmitted poxvirus of cattle, including the relevance of four potential vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans and Culicoides nubeculosus). The probability of LSDV transmission from clinical cattle to the vector correlated with disease severity, and was very low when subclinical animals were considered. All four vector species tested had a similar rate of acquisition of LSDV after feeding on the host, retaining the virus for up to 8 days. We combined our experimental results with other published data on LSDV transmission and vector life history to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species, which can be used to inform LSD control programmes.Haematophagus dipterans (referred to in this work as "blood-feeding insects"), particularly Stomoxys calcitrans, have been associated with outbreaks of LSDV 7,18-20 . In addition, experimental transmission of LSDV from affected to naïve animals (defined by the presence of clinical disease and/or detection of systemic LSDV antigen and/or capripoxvirus-specific antibodies) has being demonstrated via the mosquito Aedes aegypti 21 , the ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 22-24 , Rhipicephalus decoloratus 25 , Amblyomma hebraeum 26 , the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans, horseflies Haematopota spp. and other Stomoxys species 27,28 . LSDV DNA has also been detected in other species after feeding on infected cattle or on an infectious blood meal (Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles stephensi, Culicoides nubeculosus) 29 , or in field-caught pools (Culicoides punctatus) 4 . However transmission of LSDV to susceptible 4 of 45animals has not been confirmed for these species. To date the mode of LSDV arthropod transmission has been assumed to be mechanical as no evidence of active virus replication in insects or ticks has been found 30 .LSDV can be detected in skin lesions, blood (primarily in peripheral blood mononuclear cells), and in nasal, oral and ocular excretions of infected cattle 27,31,32 . Viraemia is considered of short duration and relatively low level, though the virus can survive for longer periods of time in skin lesions 31 . LSDV has also been detected in seminal fluid of diseased bulls 33 , making venereal transmission a possibility [34][35][36] . Subclinical infections (detection of LSDV in animals without cutaneous lesions) 3,27,32 and resistance to LSDV (absence of LSDV and cutaneous lesions following experimental challenge) have been reported, but both are poorly documented.The contribution of subclinical LSD to the transmission of the virus is unclear and a topic of controversy when implementing control measures such as whole-herd culling, particularly when morbidity is low 37,38 .In this study we calculated biologically relevant...

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Gonoactivity of Culex (Culex) (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes During Winter in Temperate Argentina

Branda

Laurito

Visintin

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Entomology

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The subgenus Culex L. includes species involved in summer–autumn arbovirus transmission but studies during winter are scarce in temperate Argentina. Female specimens were collected host-seeking at dry-ice-baited traps during autumn–winter–spring at two sites in Córdoba City during 2016 and 2017. The specimens were morphologically identified and dissected to determine the follicular developmental stage (gonotrophic activity). Females with advanced follicular stages (≥III) were subjected to molecular procedures to confirm or re-identify previous morphological identification. Five species (Culex apicinus Philippi (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex dolosus (Lynch-Arribálzaga) (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex maxi Dyar (Diptera: Culicidae), Culex pipiens pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)) were collected and found gonoactive during winter; showing that a high proportion of Culex (Culex) females remain reproductively active during the unfavorable season for mosquito populations. Among them, it is worth noting the collection of Cx. quinquefasciatus, vector of the St. Louis encephalitis virus (endemic in the city), a specimen of Cx. p. pipiens, and a hybrid of Cx. p. pipiens/Cx. quinquefasciatus (during autumn). The study of this community during winter should continue because a high gonoactive female proportion with advanced follicular stages was found: 29.12 and 13.07% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Local studies such as this one provide evidence about ornithophilic Culex species with active year-round life cycles, species that could favor arbovirus overwintering.

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Gonotrophic discordance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks

Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks

Quantifying and modelling the acquisition and retention of lumpy skin disease virus by haematophagus insects reveals clinically but not subclinically-affected cattle are promoters of viral transmission and key targets for control of disease outbreaks

Gonoactivity of Culex (Culex) (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes During Winter in Temperate Argentina

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