2018
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170176
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Autoimmune encephalitis: a review of diagnosis and treatment

Abstract: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) is one of the most common causes of noninfectious encephalitis. It can be triggered by tumors, infections, or it may be cryptogenic. The neurological manifestations can be either acute or subacute and usually develop within six weeks. There are a variety of clinical manifestations including behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, autonomic disturbances, movement disorders, and seizures. We reviewed common forms of AIE and discuss their diagnostic approach and treatment.

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Cited by 91 publications
(95 citation statements)
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“…If patients do not show a response in the first 2 weeks, the second line of treatment is rituximab, alone or combined with cyclophosphamide . Rituximab depletes B cells; however, its effectiveness over cyclophosphamide (a strong immunosuppressant) is not yet clear .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…If patients do not show a response in the first 2 weeks, the second line of treatment is rituximab, alone or combined with cyclophosphamide . Rituximab depletes B cells; however, its effectiveness over cyclophosphamide (a strong immunosuppressant) is not yet clear .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…24,70 If patients do not show a response in the first 2 weeks, the second line of treatment is rituximab, alone or combined with cyclophosphamide. 71,72 Rituximab depletes B cells; however, its effectiveness over cyclophosphamide (a strong immunosuppressant) is not yet clear. 73 Lee et al reported on the efficacy and safety of rituximab as a second-line immunotherapy for AIE in 161 patients in which rituximab was associated with improvement on functional outcomes measured on the modified Rankin Scale.…”
Section: Advances In Treatmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Essa classificação inclui o item 2 pela similaridade do quadro clínico às outras encefalites autoimunes. Dentre elas, a anti-NMDAr é uma das mais comuns e estudadas, em parte por haver um quadro clínico bem caracterizado 4 . Os pacientes que não se enquadram em nenhuma síndrome serão discutidos na seção 8.…”
Section: 3unclassified
“…Porém, seu resultado pode excluir várias etiologias alternativas e conter detalhes altamente sugestivos para determinadas síndromes clínicas. O realce pelo meio do contraste é variável e os padrões típicos são hipersinal no FLAIR ou T2 das regiões afetadas do cérebro, como os lobos temporais mediais e/ou tronco cerebral, podendo também ter achados nas regiões subcorticais e no cerebelo 2,4,18 .…”
Section: Exames Complementares Ressonância Magnéticaunclassified
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