“…Chitooligosaccharides and their derivatives are the appropriate agents capable of treating or preventing various chronic inflammation such colitis, hepatitis, gastritis, periodontal disease and through drug delivery systems [43][44][45]; (c) agricultural applications [46][47][48], and (d) bionanotechnology, such as the versatile potential uses in cosmetics, photography, ophthalmology, textile industry and water and waste treatment [49,50]. It has been also reported that large-scale chitosan commercialization originates from the chemical alkaline hydrolysis of shrimp chitin, with a cost of nearly USD 10/g (Sigma Chemical Con., St. Louis, MO 63118, USA) [51], but agro-industrial wastewaters have been also used as alternative media for fungi grown in submerged fermentation, which are readily available and have a low cost to use, saving around 38-73% of the total cost of the bioproduct production [51,52]. However, cost production is flexible since it includes transportation and labor costs, which vary significantly around the world [38].…”