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Pineapple is the most important economic plant in the family Bromeliaceae and the third-most economically important tropical fruit in the world. It has become an important tropical fruit in Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi, which are suitable areas for its cultivation. However, modern and well-organized breeding systems have not yet been established for pineapple. In this review, we describe the current status of the geographical distribution, industrial development, and breeding of pineapple in China. The current status of pineapple breeding is introduced, including traditional breeding methods, such as crossbreeding, mutagenesis breeding, and biotechnology breeding, combining cell engineering and gene engineering. In addition, the research progress on assisted breeding technology based on genetic map construction and molecular marker development is presented. New challenges and perspectives for obtaining high fruit quality are discussed in the context of breeding programs for pineapple.
Pineapple is the most important economic plant in the family Bromeliaceae and the third-most economically important tropical fruit in the world. It has become an important tropical fruit in Guangdong, Hainan, and Guangxi, which are suitable areas for its cultivation. However, modern and well-organized breeding systems have not yet been established for pineapple. In this review, we describe the current status of the geographical distribution, industrial development, and breeding of pineapple in China. The current status of pineapple breeding is introduced, including traditional breeding methods, such as crossbreeding, mutagenesis breeding, and biotechnology breeding, combining cell engineering and gene engineering. In addition, the research progress on assisted breeding technology based on genetic map construction and molecular marker development is presented. New challenges and perspectives for obtaining high fruit quality are discussed in the context of breeding programs for pineapple.
In this paper, the genetic diversities of 12 rice genotypes (Oryza sativa L.), representing Indica, Japonica, and Indica–Japonica varieties, were assessed using twelve ISSR and five SSR markers. In addition, the rice genotypes were evaluated for 11 agro-morphological traits in a two-year trial. Association mapping was performed to detect any association between the DNA markers and the agro-morphological traits. An association analysis was conducted considering the relative kinship among the genotypes and accounting for the population structure using the unified mixed-model approach to avoid possible false-positive associations. Seventy-three alleles were collectively produced by ISSRs and SSRs, with an average of 6.3 and 2.8 alleles per locus, respectively. Both marker systems were informative, and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.222 and 0.352 for ISSRs and SSRs, respectively. The average expected heterozygosity (Hexp) was 0.264 for ISSRs compared to 0.457 for SSRs. After using the false discovery rate (FDR) method, the association analysis revealed a total of 12 significant marker–trait associations with six agro-morphological traits, including the no. of unfiled grains panicle−1, panicle length, panicle weight, the no. of panicles plant−1, the no. of tillers plant−1, and 1000-grain weight. ISSRs showed seven significant associations with five markers, while SSRs showed three significant associations with three markers. The phenotypic variance (R2) explained by each marker ranged between 29.2% for the ISSR marker HB11 (associated with 1000-grain weight) and 49.3% for the ISSR marker HB8 (associated with the no. of tillers plant−1). The identified marker–trait associations reported herein may improve the expected gain of future molecular-based rice-breeding programs, particularly those designed for improving grain-related or harvest-related traits.
Bromelia laciniosa and Encholirium spectabile (Bromeliaceae) have vernacular names as macambira. Both species are restricted to the Northeast of Brazil, mainly in the Caatinga domain or in ecotonal regions with the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. Macambira species have been reported for different uses in rural communities, ranging from ornamental plants, hedges, human and animal food, medicinal application, and raw material to manufacture handicrafts and utensils, besides ecological interaction with different animals. This study aims to present the taxonomic description, distribution data, habitat, phenology, taxonomic comments, and potential uses of B. laciniosa and E. spectabile. Bromelia laciniosa belonging to the subfamily Bromelioideae and Encholirium spectabile belongs to the subfamily Pitcairnioideae. Both species are xerophilous; i.e, they have morphological and physiological structures adapted to the semiarid climate. Bromelia laciniosa is a terrestrial species and can also inhabit rocky outcrops where organic matter is found, whereas Encholirium spectabile is a strictly rupicolous species. Given the importance of the species to the Northeast of Brazil, macambiras are also reported in visual arts, literary works, song lyrics, family surnames, nicknames, names of municipality, villages, riverside, waterfalls, and a scientific journal. Keywords: Bromelia laciniosa, Bromeliaceae, Encholirium spectabile, Use Potential, Caatinga. Resumo: Bromelia laciniosa e Encholirium spectabile (Bromeliaceae) são conhecidas popularmente, como macambira. As duas espécies são restritas ao Nordeste do Brasil, principalmente, no domínio da Caatinga ou em regiões ecotonais com a Mata Atlântica e Cerrado. As espécies de macambira têm sido reportadas para diferentes usos em comunidades rurais, que vão desde plantas ornamentais, cerca-viva, alimentação humana e animal, aplicação medicinal e matéria-prima para a fabricação de artesanatos e utensílios, além da interação ecológica com diferentes animais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a descrição taxonômica, dados de distribuição, habitat, fenologia, comentários taxonômicos e potenciais usos de B. laciniosa e E. spectabile. Bromelia laciniosa pertencente a subfamília Bromelioideae e Encholirium spectabile pertence a subfamília Pitcairnioideae. Ambas as espécies são xerófilas, ou seja, possuem estruturas morfológicas e fisiológicas adaptadas ao clima semiárido. Bromelia laciniosa é uma espécie terrestre, podendo habitar também afloramentos rochosos onde se encontram matéria orgânica depositada, já Encholirium spectabile é uma espécie estritamente rupícola. Dada à importância das espécies para o Nordeste do Brasil, as macambiras são reportadas também nas artes plásticas, obras literárias, letras de músicas, como sobrenome de família, apelidos de pessoas, nome de município, povoados, ribeirões, cachoeiras e um periódico científico. Palavras-chave: Bromelia laciniosa, Bromeliaceae, Encholirium spectabile, Potenciais de Uso, Caatinga.
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