Seasonal and diurnal patterns of non-structural carbohydrates in source and sink tissues in field maize

Gao, Zhen; Zhang, Li; Shen, Si; Zhao, Xue; Liu, Yunpeng; Zhou, Lili; Paul, M. J.; Zhou, Shun-Li

doi:10.1186/s12870-019-2068-4

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Applying the leaf density that we used here (60 g dw/m 2 ) to the study by Kalt-Torres et al (1987) , the daily sucrose export in maize leaves can amount to 60% of the leaf dw while the sucrose contents of the leaf were maximally at about 4% (w/dw) during the day. A later study confirmed that maize leaves at different developmental stages can export 80% or more of the photo-assimilated sugars ( Liang et al, 2019 ). Overall, we conclude that in studies aimed at engineering plants to accumulate oils in vegetative tissue, the assessment of carbon allocation in leaves of the transgenics should benefit from measurements of overall the CO 2 assimilation rate and from tracing this assimilate flow into major sinks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Considering the sorghum leaves to have a dry weight of 60 g/m 2 in this study, the sucrose that is synthesized and exported per day can amount to 50% of the leaf’s dry weight. At the same time, sucrose levels that can be measured in a leaf are typically well below 10% w/dw and might undergo diurnal variation ( Kalt-Torres et al, 1987 ; Ning et al, 2018 ; Liang et al, 2019 ; Mitchell et al, 2020 ). This means that, while leaf sucrose levels might be informative of the leaf’s sugar status, sucrose should be understood and modeled as a high turn-over pool.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elucidation of Triacylglycerol Overproduction in the C4 Bioenergy Crop Sorghum bicolor by Constraint-Based Analysis

Clark

Schwender

2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Upregulation of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in vegetative plant tissues such as leaves has the potential to drastically increase the energy density and biomass yield of bioenergy crops. In this context, constraint-based analysis has the promise to improve metabolic engineering strategies. Here we present a core metabolism model for the C4 biomass crop Sorghum bicolor (iTJC1414) along with a minimal model for photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, sucrose and TAG biosynthesis in C3 plants. Extending iTJC1414 to a four-cell diel model we simulate C4 photosynthesis in mature leaves with the principal photo-assimilatory product being replaced by TAG produced at different levels. Independent of specific pathways and per unit carbon assimilated, energy content and biosynthetic demands in reducing equivalents are about 1.3 to 1.4 times higher for TAG than for sucrose. For plant generic pathways, ATP- and NADPH-demands per CO2 assimilated are higher by 1.3- and 1.5-fold, respectively. If the photosynthetic supply in ATP and NADPH in iTJC1414 is adjusted to be balanced for sucrose as the sole photo-assimilatory product, overproduction of TAG is predicted to cause a substantial surplus in photosynthetic ATP. This means that if TAG synthesis was the sole photo-assimilatory process, there could be an energy imbalance that might impede the process. Adjusting iTJC1414 to a photo-assimilatory rate that approximates field conditions, we predict possible daily rates of TAG accumulation, dependent on varying ratios of carbon partitioning between exported assimilates and accumulated oil droplets (TAG, oleosin) and in dependence of activation of futile cycles of TAG synthesis and degradation. We find that, based on the capacity of leaves for photosynthetic synthesis of exported assimilates, mature leaves should be able to reach a 20% level of TAG per dry weight within one month if only 5% of the photosynthetic net assimilation can be allocated into oil droplets. From this we conclude that high TAG levels should be achievable if TAG synthesis is induced only during a final phase of the plant life cycle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidation of Triacylglycerol Overproduction in the C4 Bioenergy Crop Sorghum bicolor by Constraint-Based Analysis

Clark

Schwender

2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…The ratio of leaf starch and net carbon assimilation at the V7 stage correlated very well with the yield and maturity biomass (the correlation coefficients were −0.87 for yield and −0.96 correspondingly). The correlations were negative: the higher leaf starch content per net carbon assimilation, the lower the yield and maturity biomass of the three corn hybrids tested in the field [88].…”

Section: Metabolic Markers and Their Performancementioning

confidence: 92%

Metabolomics for Crop Breeding: General Considerations

Litvinov

Карлов

Divashuk

2021

Genes

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The development of new, more productive varieties of agricultural crops is becoming an increasingly difficult task. Modern approaches for the identification of beneficial alleles and their use in elite cultivars, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection (MAS), are effective but insufficient for keeping pace with the improvement of wheat or other crops. Metabolomics is a powerful but underutilized approach that can assist crop breeding. In this review, basic methodological information is summarized, and the current strategies of applications of metabolomics related to crop breeding are explored using recent examples. We briefly describe classes of plant metabolites, cellular localization of metabolic pathways, and the strengths and weaknesses of the main metabolomics technique. Among the commercialized genetically modified crops, about 50 different metabolically altered plants have been identified in the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) database. These plants are reviewed as encouraging examples of the application of knowledge of biochemical pathways. Based on the recent examples of metabolomic studies, we discuss the performance of metabolic markers, the integration of metabolic and genomic data in metabolic QTLs (mQTLs) and metabolic genome-wide association studies (mGWAS). The elucidation of metabolic pathways and involved genes will help in crop breeding and the introgression of alleles of wild relatives in a more targeted manner.

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“…Carbohydrates account for more than 90% of maize dry matter, making C accumulation in plants a basis for maize grain yield formation (Liang et al, 2019). Ding (2005) compared the photosynthetic characteristics of maize cultivars at different ages and found that the photosynthetic rate and high photosynthetic period of new cultivars were improved compared with old cultivars, resulting in significantly higher C accumulation and grain yield of new cultivars.…”

Section: Correlation Between Carbon Accumulation and Grain Yield In M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lower C/N ratio can delay vegetative organs senescence and improve photosynthetic efficiency (Yu et al, 2014;Zuo et al, 2016). Therefore, only a proper balance of C and N metabolism can achieve the purpose of increasing grain yield (Liang et al, 2019). The C/N ratio can reflect the balance of C and N metabolism in plants, but there are significant differences between organs and growth stages (Dai et al, 2011).…”

Section: Correlation Between Carbon Accumulation and Grain Yield In M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivar differences in carbon and nitrogen accumulation, balance, and grain yield in maize

Li¹,

Ren²,

Hao³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The balance of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism influences plant growth and development as well as yield. A two-year field experiment was conducted in a hilly region in southwest China in 2019–2020 to investigate the correlation between the accumulation and balance of C and N, as well as the grain yield of maize cultivars with contrasting N efficiencies. Using Zhenghong 311 (ZH 311) and Xianyu 508 (XY 508) as research sources, the differences in C and N accumulation and balance in maize cultivars with contrasting N efficiencies were compared to analyze the correlation between the accumulation and balance of C and N with grain yield. According to the results, the ZH 311 cultivar had higher C and N accumulation in each stage and grain yield than the XY 508 cultivar, while the C/N ratio in each stage and organ was significantly lower in ZH 311 than in XY 508, with the greatest difference occurring in the silking stage and leaf, indicating that the N-efficient cultivar ZH 311 had evident advantages in accumulation and balance of C and N and grain yield than the N-inefficient cultivar XY 508. Moreover, the C and N accumulation and grain yield increased significantly with N application, while the C/N ratio in each stage and organ decreased significantly with N application, but the differences between ZH 311 and XY 508 increased first and then decreased with the increase of N level, the optimum N level when obtaining the highest grain yield of ZH 311 (273.21 kg ha–1) was significantly lower than that of XY 508 (355.88 kg ha–1). Furthermore, grain yield was positively correlated with C (R2 = 0.9251) and N (R2 = 0.9033) accumulation, affected by pre-anthesis N (R2 = 0.9198) and post-anthesis C (R2 = 0.8632) accumulation, and negatively correlated with the C/N ratio (R2 = 0.7664), with the highest correlation between grain yield and the C/N ratio in silking stage (R2 = 0.7984) and leaf (R2 = 0.7616). In conclusion, the N-efficient cultivar ZH 311 could better coordinate the C and N balance of the plant, especially the C and N balance in the silking stage and leaf, promote photosynthetic product storage and transport, prolong the leaf function period, and make the pre-anthesis and post-anthesis C and N accumulation of ZH 311 significantly higher than those of XY 508, allowing higher grain yields.

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Seasonal and diurnal patterns of non-structural carbohydrates in source and sink tissues in field maize

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Elucidation of Triacylglycerol Overproduction in the C4 Bioenergy Crop Sorghum bicolor by Constraint-Based Analysis

Elucidation of Triacylglycerol Overproduction in the C4 Bioenergy Crop Sorghum bicolor by Constraint-Based Analysis

Metabolomics for Crop Breeding: General Considerations

Cultivar differences in carbon and nitrogen accumulation, balance, and grain yield in maize

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