Homocysteine and Psychiatric Disorders

Silva, Vanessa Cavalcante da; Oliveira, Allan Chiaratti de; D’Almeida, Vânia

doi:10.1177/2326409817701471

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…Among these, HHcy and GSH plasma reduction are included. 56 In these cases also, the mechanisms of action are: pro-inflammatory actions, glutamatergic transmission, and oxidative stress, cells apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and others. 57 For these disorders, NAC supplementation plays a role, such as adjunctive treatment to specific drugs.…”

Section: Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Acetyl-Cysteine supplementation lowers high homocysteine plasma levels and increases Glutathione synthesis in the trans-sulfuration pathway

Cacciapuoti

2019

Ital J Med

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Glutathione (GSH), a compound derived of a combination of three amino acids – cysteine, glycine and glutamine – is the final product of homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism in the transsulfuration pathway. The major determinants of GSH synthesis are the availability of cysteine and the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). A deficiency in transsulfuration pathway leads to excessive Hcy production (HHcy) and reduced GSH synthesis. This tripeptide, that exists in the reduced or active form (GSH) and oxidized variant (GSH), is the main antioxidant of the body. Independently of its antioxidant function, the compound has an anti-inflammatory role too, reducing the production of interleukines and the expression of TNF-alfa and iNOS synthase. A dysregulation of GSH synthesis is recognized as contributing factor to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions. But, the insufficiency of the transsulfuration pathway is also responsible of HHcy. Besides, this condition decreases the activity of cellular “gluthatione peroxidase”, an intracellular antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide to water with the prevalence of GSSH on GSH. The consequent GSH/GSSH impaired ratio also causes some common cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In both occurrences, N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) supplementation supplies the cysteine necessary for GSH synthesis and contemporarily reduces HHcy, improving the GPx1 activity and further reducing oxidative stress.

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Section: Psychiatric Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

N-Acetyl-Cysteine supplementation lowers high homocysteine plasma levels and increases Glutathione synthesis in the trans-sulfuration pathway

Cacciapuoti

2019

Ital J Med

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“…Bipolar disorder is a chronic disorder with high mood lability characterized by recurrent syndromes of mania, hypomania, mixed states and depression. Its prevalence is 5% if the mild forms are included [33]. Elevated serum homocysteine levels and decreased levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 have been associated with depression [34], but the association with bipolar disorder remains less clear.…”

Section: The Importance Of Homocysteine In the Development And Course Of Bipolar Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of 1% of the world's population suffers from schizophrenia, and the average age of onset is 29 years for women and 25 years for men, respectively. It more often affects populations with a lower socio-economic status, and recent studies also show that men have a higher risk of developing the disease than women [33].…”

Section: The Importance Of Homocysteine In the Development And Course Of Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zaburzenie afektywne dwubiegunowe jest przewlekłym schorzeniem, w którym występuje duża labilność nastroju, cechująca się nawracającymi zespołami manii, hipomanii, stanów mieszanych i depresji. Jego rozpowszechnienie wynosi 5% jeżeli uwzględniono postacie łagodne [33]. Podwyższony poziom homocysteiny w surowicy krwi oraz zmniejszenie stężenia kwasu foliowego i witaminy B12 zostały powiązane z depresją [34], ale związek z zaburzniem afektywnym dwubiegunowym pozostaje mniej jasny.…”

Section: Znaczenie Homocysteiny W Rozwoju I Przebiegu Zaburzenia Afektywnego Dwubiegunowegounclassified

“…Na schizofrenię choruje 1% populacji na świecie, a średni wiek zachorowania to odpowiednio 29 lat dla kobiet i 25 lat dla mężczyzn. Częściej dotyka ona populacji o niższym statusie społeczno-ekonomicznym, a przeprowadzone w ostatnim czasie badania dowodzą również, że u mężczyzn występuje wyższe ryzyko zachorowania niż u kobiet [33].…”

Section: Znaczenie Homocysteiny W Rozwoju I Przebiegu Schizofreniiunclassified

See 2 more Smart Citations

When should a psychiatrist remember to test homocysteine levels? - a literature review

Nowak

Chiriboga

Halczuk

et al. 2021

Current Problems of Psychiatry

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Introduction: Homocysteine is an endogenous sulfur amino acid, formed as a result of biochemical changes in methionine. The normal concentration of homocysteine in healthy people is within the range of 5 – 15 μmol / l, and values above 15 μmol / l are referred to as hyperhomocysteinemia. Moreover, it has been shown that the level of homocysteine may be associated with the occurrence of mental disorders. The aim of this article was to search for a relationship between the level of this amino acid and the incidence and prognosis of bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease. Material and method: For the review of the literature, available articles from the PubMed database and Google Scholar were used under the following keywords: homocysteine, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease in the period from 1992 to 2021. Results: The research conducted so far shows that there is a significant correlation between elevated levels of homocysteine and the above-mentioned mental disorders. Conclusion: In order to prevent the consequences of the increased level of homocysteine, its concentration in blood serum should be monitored periodically and appropriate treatment should be implemented in case of abnormal results. It is important to educate patients about the consequences of hyperhomocysteinemia i.a. atherosclerosis, stroke, ischemic heart disease, osteoporosis, neural tube defects, mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. It should be also established a strategy to lower the level of this amino acid through lifestyle changes, as well as the supply of folic acid, vitamins B12, B6, B2, N-acetylcysteine and betaine.

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Simultaneous determination of serum homocysteine, cysteine, and methionine in patients with schizophrenia by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Liu²,

Chen³

et al. 2022

Biomedical Chromatography

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Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Disturbances in the homocysteine metabolism are an important factor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this research, a novel validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) quantification procedure was developed to investigate three significant compounds of homocysteine metabolism: homocysteine, cysteine, and methionine in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Sample preparation involved a reduction with dithiothreitol followed by protein precipitation, and the chromatographic runtime was 2 min. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to CLSI C62-A and the Chinese Guidance for Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Clinical Application. The performance of the method was excellent with a coefficient of variation for precision in the range of 0.5-6.9%, an accuracy of 90.4-101.6%. In addition, the practical applicability of the method was demonstrated by applying it in the routine sample analysis for a schizophrenic patient. Increased homocysteine levels and decreased cysteine levels were observed in the patient with schizophrenia. These results indicate that the activity of the transsulfuration pathway may play a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

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Homocysteine and Psychiatric Disorders

Cited by 6 publications

References 116 publications

N-Acetyl-Cysteine supplementation lowers high homocysteine plasma levels and increases Glutathione synthesis in the trans-sulfuration pathway

N-Acetyl-Cysteine supplementation lowers high homocysteine plasma levels and increases Glutathione synthesis in the trans-sulfuration pathway

When should a psychiatrist remember to test homocysteine levels? - a literature review

Simultaneous determination of serum homocysteine, cysteine, and methionine in patients with schizophrenia by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

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