This dissertation is dedicated to my dear friend Jessica and her daughter, Luci, husband Lance, and best friend, Morgan. Middle school basketball was an important catalyst for what has developed into a lifelong friendship between me and Jess, while cheerleading throughout high school and college undoubtedly strengthened what is today an unbreakable bond between Jess and Morgan. Jess's friendship has always been a special one that has brought laughter, depth, and perspective to my life, regardless of the miles between us or the time that elapses between phone calls and visits. Watching Jess, a new mother, spend months in the hospital this year battling a rare disease with phenomenal strength and grace and extraordinary support from Lance and Morgan has humbled and inspired me throughout the writing of my dissertation, bringing a fresher and deeper meaning to the concept of resilience, the importance of being connected to caring people, and the implications for how life should be lived-not just how research should be conducted. As hard as we try as researchers and health care providers to accurately quantify phenomena related to health and the human experience, the most important aspects of life, relationships, and the human spirit run much deeper than any four-item scale can measure. And while we can never fully capture the resilience of the human spirit, it is essential that we do our best to understand how to help it flourish so that future generations, like Luci, can lead healthy and happy lives. With strong and loving parents like Jess and Lance, and the presence of a caring and selfless adult like Morgan, I know Luci will grow up to be just as graceful and resilient as her mom. It is my hope that through sports or other extracurricular activities, Luci, too, will discover her talents and passions, and find friends like Morgan and Jess who will stand by her through it all. v Using a resilience framework, the purpose of this dissertation research was to: (a) describe relationships over the past decade between weekly school sports team participation and health-risk behaviors in three categories (substance abuse, sexual risk-taking, violence involvement) among student attending alternative high school in Minnesota; (b) explore potential mediating variables (school connectedness, adult connectedness, friend connectedness, emotional distress) in associations between sports team participation and health-risk behaviors; and, (c) explore gender and race/ethnicity as potential moderators of associations between weekly school sports team participation and health-risk behaviors.