A Review on Oxidative Stress, Diabetic Complications, and the Roles of Honey Polyphenols

Abstract

Despite the availability of various antidiabetic drugs, diabetes mellitus (DM) remains one of the world’s most prevalent chronic diseases and is a global burden. Hyperglycaemia, a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), substantially leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering oxidative stress as well as numerous cellular and molecular modifications such as mitochondrial dysfunction affecting normal physiological functions in the body. In mitochondrial-mediated processes, oxidative pathways play an important role, although the responsible molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The impaired mitochondrial function is evidenced by insulin insensitivity in various cell types. In addition, the roles of master antioxidant pathway nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/antioxidant response elements (ARE) are being deciphered to explain various molecular pathways involved in diabetes. Dietary factors are known to influence diabetes, and many natural dietary factors have been studied to improve diabetes. Honey is primarily rich in carbohydrates and is also abundant in flavonoids and phenolic acids; thus, it is a promising therapeutic antioxidant for various disorders. Various research has indicated that honey has strong wound-healing properties and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antiviral effects; thus, it is a promising antidiabetic agent. The potential antidiabetic mechanisms of honey were proposed based on its major constituents. This review focuses on the various prospects of using honey as an antidiabetic agent and the potential insights.

Vascular Stiffness in Aging and Disease

“…As noted throughout this review, an important mechanism mediating increased vascular stiffness is increased oxidative stress ( Giacco and Brownlee, 2010 ; Pasupuleti et al, 2020 ). It is well known that diabetes leads to increased oxidative stress, involving mitochondrial superoxide overproduction in the vasculature and in in the myocardium ( Giacco and Brownlee, 2010 ; Pasupuleti et al, 2020 ).…”

In-vitro studies on antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Sesoot (Garcinia picrorrhiza Miq.) fruit ethanolic extract from Indonesia

“…Various mechanisms of oxidative stress play a role in diabetes, including excess oxygen radicals, glycated protein formation, and the glycation of antioxidant enzymes. This will limit the ability of antioxidants to prevent free radicals (Pasupuleti et al, 2020). The previous study showed that various group compounds such as phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids could have a contribution to the antioxidant activity in the extracts of G. parvifolia fruit (Hassan et al, 2013).…”

“…Oxidative damage happens when free radicals and antioxidant agents are imbalanced (Ayepola et al, 2014). However, oxidative stress affects various diseases such as diabetes, vascular and neural disorders (Pasupuleti et al, 2020). Various mechanisms of oxidative stress play a role in diabetes, including excess oxygen radicals, glycated protein formation, and the glycation of antioxidant enzymes.…”

Gastric Electrical Pacing Reduces Apoptosis of Interstitial Cells of Cajal via Antioxidative Stress Effect Attributing to Phenotypic Polarization of M2 Macrophages in Diabetic Rats

“…ROS are free radicals of unstable molecule that contains oxygen which may cause damage and cell death [ 34 ]. A previous study showed that oxidative stress resulted from high blood glucose through abundant ROS generation, which caused the complications of diabetes [ 35 , 36 ]. In additional, we detected the ROS by flow cytometry and found that GEP could decrease the expression of ROS, suggesting that apoptosis of ICCs was reduced by GEP on the basis of lowering the ROS.…”