Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles.

Close, R.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1972.52.1.129

Cited by 1,772 publications

(806 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…BF at three different points along the tooth row (the tip of the canine, the primary cusp of the third maxillary premolar, and the upper carnassial notch) was then calculated by combining the PCSA data with a constant expressing the load that can be produced by a given cross-section of skeletal muscle (3 kg/cm 2 ; Close, 1972) and the leverages of those muscles. The 3 kg/cm 2 estimate is from the extensor digitorum longus of a rat at optimum length and is considered a reliable estimate by Close, although estimates for mammalian skeletal muscle vary widely, as much as from 1 to 5 kg/cm 2 .…”

Section: The Masticatory Muscle Architecture Of Felidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where WBF CA , WBF PM , and WBF CM , are the workingside BFs at the canine, premolar and notch of the lower carnassial (M 1 ), respectively, c is the force constant of muscle cross-section (3 kg/cm 2 ; Close, 1972), q MS , q TMP , and q PT , are the PCSA of the masseter, temporalis and medial pterygoid, respectively, L MS , L TMP , and L PT , are . These lines connect the centroids (red circles) of the origin areas to the centroids of the insertion areas.…”

Section: The Masticatory Muscle Architecture Of Felidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have also refined these estimates by incorporating EMG data on the working-side and balancing-side masticatory muscles (from Gorniak and Gans, 1980). PCSA data are correlated with muscle force production and can be gathered from muscle tissue (Close, 1972;Weijs and Hillen, 1985;O'Connor et al, 2005;Anapol et al, 2008). PCSA is a function of muscle mass and fascicle length, and can be corrected based on estimates of pinnation as described in our prior protocol on jaw adductor PCSA in primates , which forms the basis for the protocol used here.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bite Force Estimation and the Fiber Architecture of Felid Masticatory Muscles

Hartstone‐Rose

Perry

Morrow

2012

The Anatomical Record

149

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Increasingly, analyses of craniodental dietary adaptations take into account mechanical properties of foods. However, masticatory muscle fiber architecture has been described for relatively few lineages, even though an understanding of the scaling of this anatomy can yield important information about adaptations for stretch and strength in the masticatory system. Data on the mandibular adductors of 28 specimens from nine species of felids representing nearly the entire body size range of the family allow us to evaluate the influence of body size and diet on the masticatory apparatus within this lineage. Masticatory muscle masses scale isometrically, tending toward positive allometry, with body mass and jaw length. This allometry becomes significant when the independent variable is a geometric mean of cranial variables. For all three body size proxies, the physiological cross-sectional area and predicted bite forces scale with significant positive allometry. Average fiber lengths (FL) tend toward negative allometry though with wide confidence intervals resulting from substantial scatter. We believe that these FL residuals are affected by dietary signals within the sample; though the mechanical properties of felid diets are relatively similar across species, the most durophagous species in our sample (the jaguar) appears to have relatively higher force production capabilities. The more notable dietary trend in our sample is the relationship between FL and relative prey size: felid species that predominantly consume relatively small prey have short masticatory muscle fibers, and species that regularly consume relatively large prey have relatively long fibers. This suggests an adaptive signal related to gape. Anat Rec, 295:1336Rec, 295: -1351

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Section: The Masticatory Muscle Architecture Of Felidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Masticatory Muscle Architecture Of Felidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bite Force Estimation and the Fiber Architecture of Felid Masticatory Muscles

Hartstone‐Rose

Perry

Morrow

2012

The Anatomical Record

149

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“…The increase in length is due to the addition of sarcomeres in series within the myofibril and not the result of an increase in average sarcomere length (Close 1972 (Florini 1987;White & Esser 1989).…”

Section: Normal Developmental Growth Of Myofibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics

Miller

MacDougall

Tarnopolsky

et al. 1993

Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.

819

561

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A gender difference in absolute muscle strength is well documented.The e'xtent to which quantitative (fiber area and number) and qualitative (specific tension) differences in muscle contribute to this is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine a variety of muscle characteristics in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in a sample of males (n-8) and females (n=8) The difference in type II fiber area in the biceps brachii was not statistically significant despite the fact that these fibers were almost twice as large in the males as in 2 the females (8207 vs. 4306 urn). No significant gender difference was found in biceps fiber number (180,620 vs.l56,872) or muscle area to fiber area ratio in the vastus lateralis (451,468 vs. 465,007).No significant gender differences were found in any of the motor unit characteristics.The results indicate that the primary determinant of the greater muscle strength of males is their larger mean fiber areas which results in greater muscle cross-sectional areas.iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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“…Post-tetanic potentiation, a twitch augmentation caused by tetanic stimuli, can be regarded as an after-effect of repetitive stimuli with far higher frequencies. The phenomenon is neither the result of recruitment of muscle fibers since it is not influenced by the conditions of stimulation, namely indirect via nerve or direct (BROWN and VON EULER, 1938), nor could it be due to increased stiffness of the series-elastic component (CLOSE, 1972).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of twitch train on the tetanic contractility of the frog skeletal muscle.

Kawata

1983

Jpn.J.Physiol

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The effects of twitch trains on the contractility of succeeding tetani were investigated in the frog toe muscle. The changes in isometric tension and its first derivative were analyzed. Tetani of 1 sec duration were induced every 5 min and trains of twitches (less than 250) with 0.1 to 3 Hz were interposed between two successive tetani. A twitch train which clearly shows an ascending staircase exerted at least three different effects on the following tetani. These were a rapidly decaying potentiation (P1), a slowly decaying potentiation (P2), and an inhibitory effect (1) which was regarded as fatigue. These after-effects were modified by various interventions. Increasing of the twitch frequency at a constant number of stimuli augmented both the potentiating and the inhibiting effects. When the bath temperature was lowered to 4°C, the potentiation was masked by a marked inhibition. At a higher temperature (28°C) the potentiating effect was facilitated. Prolonged perfusion of low concentration (0.5 mM) of caffeine mimicked the effects of low temperature. Effects of twitch train on the contracture induced by 5 mM caffeine were examined and it was found that the repetitive twitches had no effect on the following caffeine contracture. Although the exact mechanism for these after-effects was not clear, it was assumed that the intracellular calcium turnover may play some role in the observed phenomena.

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Dynamic properties of mammalian skeletal muscles.

Cited by 1,772 publications

References 128 publications

Bite Force Estimation and the Fiber Architecture of Felid Masticatory Muscles

Bite Force Estimation and the Fiber Architecture of Felid Masticatory Muscles

Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics

Effects of twitch train on the tetanic contractility of the frog skeletal muscle.

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