Carbon Nanotube Actuators

Baughman, Ray H.; Cui, Can; Zakhidov, Anvar A.; Iqbal, Zafar; Barisci, Joseph N.; Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Wallace, Gordon G.; Mazzoldi, Alberto; Rossi, D. De; Rinzler, Andrew G.; Jaschinski, O.; Roth, S.; Kertész, Miklós

doi:10.1126/science.284.5418.1340

Cited by 2,315 publications

(1,458 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The prominent first and second subband absorption manifolds of these PNES-SWNT suspensions exhibit marked spectral red shifts, and modest absorption band broadening, relative to the SDS-SWNT benchmark spectrum. Figure 1b displays absorptions assigned previously to (6,5), (8,3), (7,5), and (7,6) nanotubes 1,53 and highlights the extent of the spectral red shifts in PNES-SWNT suspensions for these bands with respect to the corresponding reference transitions in the SDS-SWNT spectrum. Table 1 shows that while the degree of these PNES-SWNT transition red shifts range from 115 to 225 cm -1 , the absolute shift magnitude depends clearly on both tube chirality and solvent [MeOH (ε ) 33; 118-170 cm -1 ) < DMF (ε ) 38; 141-215 cm -1 ) < H 2 O (ε ) 80; 196-215 cm -1 ) ∼DMSO (ε ) 47; 172-224 cm -1 ); these spectral dependences are notably consistent with the theoretical predictions made by Strano and Choi which have heretofore lacked experimental precedent.…”

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confidence: 83%

Phase Transfer Catalysts Drive Diverse Organic Solvent Solubility of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Helically Wrapped by Ionic, Semiconducting Polymers

et al. 2010

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Use of phase transfer catalysts such as 18-crown-6 enables ionic, linear conjugated poly[2,6-{1,5-bis(3-propoxysulfonicacidsodiumsalt)}naphthylene]ethynylene (PNES) to efficiently disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in multiple organic solvents under standard ultrasonication methods. Steady-state electronic absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal that these SWNT suspensions are composed almost exclusively of individualized tubes. High-resolution TEM and AFM data show that the interaction of PNES with SWNTs in both protic and aprotic organic solvents provides a self-assembled superstructure in which a PNES monolayer helically wraps the nanotube surface with periodic and constant morphology (observed helical pitch length ) 10 ( 2 nm); time-dependent examination of these suspensions indicates that these structures persist in solution over periods that span at least several months. Pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that the excited state lifetimes and exciton binding energies of these well-defined nanotube-semiconducting polymer hybrid structures remain unchanged relative to analogous benchmark data acquired previously for standard sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-SWNT suspensions, regardless of solvent. These results demonstrate that the use of phase transfer catalysts with ionic semiconducting polymers that helically wrap SWNTs provide well-defined structures that solubulize SWNTs in a wide range of organic solvents while preserving critical nanotube semiconducting and conducting properties.KEYWORDS Single chain, helical wrapping, ionic poly(aryleneethynylene), phase transfer catalyst, SWNTs, organic solvent S ingle wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) 1-4 possess a wide range of uncommon mechanical, 5-9 optical, 1,10-12 electrical, 13-17 magnetic, 18-21 and thermal 22,23 properties that fuel multidisciplinary efforts aimed at developing neoteric nanoscale, microscale, and bulkphase materials. 2 Strong van der Waals interactions between SWNTs 24,25 are an anathema to SWNT solubilization. 13 Water-solubilized SWNTs dominate the literature; there exists no general method to disperse SWNTs in nonaqueous media. Potential dispersion approaches are truncated severely by the fact that preservation of significant SWNT electrooptic properties require solubilization via agents that noncovalently interact with the nanotube surface. 24,25 It has thus been a long-standing goal to develop a universal SWNT solubilization strategy that (i) relies on noncovalent interactions for nanotube dispersion, (ii) provides a high yield of individualized tubes, (iii) enables dispersion in a wide range of dielectric media, and yet (iv) gives rise to suspended SWNT structures having a constant morphology, regardless of solvent.Ultrasonication 11,26 and high-speed vibrational milling techniques 27 are commonly utilized to drive exfoliation of nanotube ropes and bundles in the presence of surfactants, small molecules, and polymers. 28 The huge library o...

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confidence: 83%

Phase Transfer Catalysts Drive Diverse Organic Solvent Solubility of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Helically Wrapped by Ionic, Semiconducting Polymers

et al. 2010

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“…8PF 6 . The dibromide 45 16 underwent esterification (DCC/DMAP/CH 2 Cl 2 ) with ethylene glycol (17) to give the alcohol 18 in 33% yield. Refluxing a mixture of 18 and 4,4′-bipyridine (19) Figure 4a) two pairs of signals of equal intensities at δ ) 6.25 and 6.30 ppm, and at δ ) 6.33 and 6.38 ppm, respectively, which correspond to the TTF protons in the units, cis-and trans-isomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linear Artificial Molecular Muscles

et al. 2005

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Two switchable, palindromically constituted bistable [3]rotaxanes have been designed and synthesized with a pair of mechanically mobile rings encircling a single dumbbell. These designs are reminiscent of a "molecular muscle" for the purposes of amplifying and harnessing molecular mechanical motions. The location of the two cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT 4+ ) rings can be controlled to be on either tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or naphthalene (NP) stations, either chemically ( 1 H NMR spectroscopy) or electrochemically (cyclic voltammetry), such that switching of inter-ring distances from 4.2 to 1.4 nm mimics the contraction and extension of skeletal muscle, albeit on a shorter length scale. Fast scan-rate cyclic voltammetry at low temperatures reveals stepwise oxidations and movements of one-half of the [3]rotaxane and then of the other, a process that appears to be concerted at room temperature. The active form of the bistable [3]rotaxane bears disulfide tethers attached covalently to both of the CBPQT 4+ ring components for the purpose of its self-assembly onto a gold surface. An array of flexible microcantilever beams, each coated on one side with a monolayer of 6 billion of the active bistable [3]rotaxane molecules, undergoes controllable and reversible bending up and down when it is exposed to the synchronous addition of aqueous chemical oxidants and reductants. The beam bending is correlated with flexing of the surfacebound molecular muscles, whereas a monolayer of the dumbbell alone is inactive under the same conditions. This observation supports the hypothesis that the cumulative nanoscale movements within surface-bound "molecular muscles" can be harnessed to perform larger-scale mechanical work.

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“…[1][2][3] CNTs have the potential to revolutionize numerous applications where nano-sized metallic and/or semiconducting components are required along with high strength, [4,5] large flexibility [6] and superb chemical stability. [7,8] In particular, metallic (met-) nanotubes are highly suited for nanoscale circuits, [9] ultrathin, flexible, and transparent conductors, [10] supercapacitors, [11] field emitters, [12] actuators, [13] and nanosized electrochemical probes. [14] Semiconducting (sem-) CNTs on the other hand, are applicable for nanoscale sensors, [15,16] transistors, [17,18] and photovoltaic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

2007

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The unique electronic and optical properties of carbon nanotubes, in conjunction with their size and mechanically robust nature, make these nanomaterials crucial to the development of next-generation biosensing platforms. In this Review, we present recent innovations in carbon nanotube-assisted biosensing technologies, such as DNA-hybridization, protein-binding, antibody-antigen and aptamers. Following a brief introduction on the diameter-and chirality-derived electronic characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes, the discussion is focused on the two major schemes for electronic biodetection, namely biotransistor-and electrochemistry-based sensors. Key fabrication methodologies are contrasted in light of device operation and performance, along with strategies for amplifying the signal while minimizing nonspecific binding. This Review is concluded with a perspective on future optimization based on array integration as well as exercising a better control in nanotube structure and biomolecular integration.

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Carbon Nanotube Actuators

Cited by 2,315 publications

References 34 publications

Phase Transfer Catalysts Drive Diverse Organic Solvent Solubility of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Helically Wrapped by Ionic, Semiconducting Polymers

Phase Transfer Catalysts Drive Diverse Organic Solvent Solubility of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Helically Wrapped by Ionic, Semiconducting Polymers

Linear Artificial Molecular Muscles

Carbon Nanotubes for Electronic and Electrochemical Detection of Biomolecules

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