Hormones and Skin Pigmentation in the Mammal

Thody, A. J.; Smith, Andrew G.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1977.tb01876.x

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Eumelanins and pheomelanins arise from a common metabolic pathway in which dopaquinone is the key intermediate (Ortonne 2002). As is discussed in greater detail below, production of melanins is regulated by pigmentation genes, hormones, and UVR (Fitzpatrick & Ortonne 2003, Sulaimon & Kitchell 2003, Thody & Smith 1977. A balance of many regulatory factors is essential for normal pigment production in the melanocyte, and derangements of these factors can lead to anomalies of cutaneous pigmentation such as albinism piebald spotting, and various types of hyperpigmentation (Robins 1991, Sulaimon & Kitchell 2003, Thody & Smith 1977.…”

Section: Melanin Pigmentation and Its Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color

Jablonski

2004

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

297

255

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Humans skin is the most visible aspect of the human phenotype. It is distinguished mainly by its naked appearance, greatly enhanced abilities to dissipate body heat through sweating, and the great range of genetically determined skin colors present within a single species. Many aspects of the evolution of human skin and skin color can be reconstructed using comparative anatomy, physiology, and genomics. Enhancement of thermal sweating was a key innovation in human evolution that allowed maintenance of homeostasis (including constant brain temperature) during sustained physical activity in hot environments. Dark skin evolved pari passu with the loss of body hair and was the original state for the genus Homo. Melanin pigmentation is adaptive and has been maintained by natural selection. Because of its evolutionary lability, skin color phenotype is useless as a unique marker of genetic identity. In recent prehistory, humans became adept at protecting themselves from the environment through clothing and shelter, thus reducing the scope for the action of natural selection on human skin.

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Section: Melanin Pigmentation and Its Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color

Jablonski

2004

Annu. Rev. Anthropol.

297

255

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“…A recent prospective study comparing FE-1, MTG-BT, and a 72-h fecal fat test found that a cut-off value of 84 μg/g was associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 87.5 and 66.7% for PEI, respectively (Table 1). Several studies have shown that direct PFT has the highest sensitivity for detecting PEI (Table 1) [59,60]. A retrospective study of secretin-stimulated endoscopic PFT found a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 67% for histologic fibrosis (Table 1).…”

Section: Assessment Of Pancreatic Exocrine Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total pancreatectomy for recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis

Faghih

González

Makary³

et al. 2017

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

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Purpose of review Critical review of the indications for total pancreatectomy and highlight limitations in current diagnostic criteria for chronic pancreatitis. Recent findings The diagnosis of noncalcific chronic pancreatitis remains controversial because of an overreliance on nonspecific imaging and laboratories findings. Endoscopic ultrasound, s-magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and/or endoscopic pancreatic function testing are often used to diagnose noncalcific chronic pancreatitis despite the fact that there is no gold standard for this condition. Abdominal pain is not specific for chronic pancreatitis and is more likely to be encountered in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders based on the high incidence of these conditions. The duration of pain and opioid analgesic use results in central sensitization that adversely affects pain outcomes after total pancreatectomy. An alcoholic cause is associated with poorer pain outcomes after total pancreatectomy. Summary The lack of a gold standard for noncalcific chronic pancreatitis limits the diagnostic accuracy of imaging and laboratory tests. The pain of chronic pancreatitis is nonspecific and is affected by duration, preoperative opioid use, and cause. These factors will need to be considered in the development of future selection criteria for this morbid surgery.

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“…The complex process of melanin production in melanosomes within melanocytes is influenced by numerous factors, one of which is MC1R. Variation in skin and hair colour in humans is governed by the extent of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in these tissues, with dark-haired and dark-skinned individuals having abundant eumelanin and people with red hair and pale skin having less eumelanin and an altered phaeomelanin:eumelanin ratio (2)(3)(4). In 1961, Lerner and McGuire showed alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) promoted cutaneous melanogenesis, and subsequent cloning of MC1R (a seven-pass transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor) by two groups in 1992 led to the observation of an association between MC1R variants and red hair/fair skin in 1995 (5)(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: The Melanocortin 1 Receptor (Mc1r Mc1r)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variants of the melanocortin‐1 receptor: do they matter clinically?

Haddadeen

Lai

Cho

et al. 2014

Experimental Dermatology

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The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene encodes for a seven-pass transmembrane receptor primarily expressed on melanocytes and melanoma cells. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, also termed variants) in MC1R frequently cause red hair, fair skin and are associated with melanoma and keratinocyte-derived skin cancer development. Activation of wild-type (WT) MC1R in skin assists cutaneous photoprotection whereas reduced MC1R signalling, seen with MC1R variants, impairs ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-protective responses. As ancestral humans migrated out of Africa, the evolutionary advantage of MC1R variants may have related to improved cutaneous vitamin D synthesis and higher birthweight reported with certain MC1R variants. Reduced photoprotection secondary to MC1R dysfunction involves pigmentary and non-pigmentary mechanisms (reduced DNA repair, effects on cell proliferation and possibly immunological parameters), leading to clonal expansion of mutated cells within skin and subsequent carcinogenesis. Recent investigations suggest an association between MC1R genotype and vitiligo, with preliminary evidence that a MC1R agonist, [Nle4-D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, in combination with UVB, assists repigmentation. Future development of compounds to correct defective MC1R responses secondary to MC1R variants could result in photoprotective benefits for fair-skinned individuals and reduce their skin cancer risk.

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Hormones and Skin Pigmentation in the Mammal

Cited by 12 publications

References 68 publications

The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color

The Evolution of Human Skin and Skin Color

Total pancreatectomy for recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis

Variants of the melanocortin‐1 receptor: do they matter clinically?

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