Differential expression of two glutathione S‐transferases identified from the American dog tick,<i>Dermacentor variabilis</i>

Dreher-Lesnick, Sheila M.; Mulenga, Albert; Simser, Jason A.; Azad, Abdu F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00657.x

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Injury as occurs at the tick-feeding site induces oxidative stress leading to production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) as part of the wound healing mechanism [209] and anti-microbial defenses [210]. Several lines of research have shown that many parasites including ticks [211, 212], helminths [213], Plasmodium spp. [214], Trypanosoma spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome

et al. 2014

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BackgroundMultiple tick saliva proteins, the majority of which are unknown, confer tick resistance in repeatedly infested animals. The objective of this study was to identify the 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome. The 24-48 h tick-feeding phase is critical to tick parasitism as it precedes important events in tick biology, blood meal feeding and disease agent transmission. Fed male, 24 and 96 h fed female phage display cDNA expression libraries were biopanned using rabbit antibodies to 24 and 48 h fed A. americanum female tick saliva proteins. Biopanned immuno-cDNA libraries were subjected to next generation sequencing, de novo assembly, and bioinformatic analysis.ResultsMore than 800 transcripts that code for 24-48 h fed A. americanum immuno-proteins are described. Of the 895 immuno-proteins, 52% (464/895) were provisionally identified based on matches in GenBank. Of these, ~19% (86/464) show high level of identity to other tick hypothetical proteins, and the rest include putative proteases (serine, cysteine, leukotriene A-4 hydrolase, carboxypeptidases, and metalloproteases), protease inhibitors (serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, tick carboxypeptidase inhibitor), and transporters and/or ligand binding proteins (histamine binding/lipocalin, fatty acid binding, calreticulin, hemelipoprotein, IgG binding protein, ferritin, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins, and evasin). Others include enzymes (glutathione transferase, cytochrome oxidase, protein disulfide isomerase), ribosomal proteins, and those of miscellaneous functions (histamine release factor, selenoproteins, tetraspanin, defensin, heat shock proteins).ConclusionsData here demonstrate that A. americanum secretes a complex cocktail of immunogenic tick saliva proteins during the first 24-48 h of feeding. Of significance, previously validated immunogenic tick saliva proteins including AV422 protein, calreticulin, histamine release factor, histamine binding/lipocalins, selenoproteins, and paramyosin were identified in this screen, supporting the specificity of the approach in this study. While descriptive, this study opens opportunities for in-depth tick feeding physiology studies.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-518) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome

et al. 2014

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“…During attachment and blood feeding, tick genes express a variety of proteins and peptides involved in the innate immune response that function to inhibit microbial infection, as well as mitigating the oxidative stress and the toxic byproducts (e.g., heme) of hemoglobin digestion. These proteins may include several stress reducing proteins such as glutathione-S-transferases (Dreher-Lesnick et al 2006), protease inhibitors, lectins and others (Lehane et al 1997;Rudenko et al 2005;Zhou et al 2006). In addition, anti-microbial peptides in ticks have been reported to be upregulated in response to microbial challenge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silencing expression of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections

et al. 2008

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Antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, are components of the innate immune system in ticks that have been shown to provide protection against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Varisin, one of the defensins identified in Dermacentor variabilis, was shown to be produced primarily in hemocytes but transcript levels were also expressed in midguts and other tick cells. In this research, we studied the role of varisin in the immunity of ticks to the gram-negative cattle pathogen, Anaplasma marginale. Expression of the varisin gene was silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) in which male ticks were injected with varisin dsRNA and then allowed to feed and acquire A. marginale infection on an experimentally-infected calf. Silencing expression of varisin in hemocytes, midguts and salivary glands was confirmed by real time RT-PCR. We expected that silencing of varisin would increase A. marginale infections in ticks, but the results demonstrated that bacterial numbers, as determined by an A. marginale msp4 quantitative PCR, were significantly reduced in the varisin-silenced ticks. Furthermore, colonies of A. marginale in ticks used for RNAi were morphologically abnormal from those seen in elution buffer injected control ticks. The colony shape was irregular and in some cases the A. marginale appeared to be free in the cytoplasm of midgut cells. Some ticks were found to be systemically infected with a microbe that may have been related to the silencing of varisin. This appears to be the first report of the silencing of expression of a defensin in ticks by RNAi that resulted in reduced A. marginale infections.

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“…Várias enzimas antioxidantes tiveram sua expressão gênica aumentada em diferentes espécies de carrapatos em resposta à infecção por patógenos e/ou alimentação sanguínea, como é o caso da glutationa S-transferase (Mulenga et al, 2003;Rudenko et al, 2005;Dreher-Lesnick et al, 2006). Adicionalmente, observou-se que uma catalase, enzima responsável pela detoxificação do peróxido de hidrogênio, desempenha uma função importante na regulação do estresse oxidativo no intestino de R.…”

Section: Outras Moléculas Envolvidas Na Resposta Imune No Intestino Dunclassified

Imunidade inata no intestino de carrapatos: hemocidinas e outros agentes antimicrobianos

Cruz¹,

Daffre²

2011

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Differential expression of two glutathione S‐transferases identified from the American dog tick,Dermacentor variabilis

Cited by 40 publications

References 42 publications

A 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome

A 24-48 h fed Amblyomma americanum tick saliva immuno-proteome

Silencing expression of the defensin, varisin, in male Dermacentor variabilis by RNA interference results in reduced Anaplasma marginale infections

Imunidade inata no intestino de carrapatos: hemocidinas e outros agentes antimicrobianos

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