Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF<sub>6</sub>

Zhang, Xiaoxing; Ye, Fanchao; Xie, Baojuan; Gao, Yuwei; Xiao, Song

doi:10.1080/10934529.2020.1830654

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Acute inhalation toxicity of decomposition products[146][147][148]. CF 3 CN, C 2 F 5 CN and C 2 N 2 in C 4 F 7 N gas mixtures due to the lack of a standard gas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Xiao¹,

Shi²,

Li³

et al. 2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), one of the most potent greenhouse gases with a global warming potential of 23 500 and an atmospheric lifetime of 3200 years, has been widely used as an insulating gas. The search for eco-friendly gas insulating medium to replace SF 6 has been a hot topic in the power industry over the past 5 years. The performance evaluation of eco-friendly gas insulating medium concentrates on several dimensions including stability and decomposition characteristics. This review focuses on recent advances in knowledge about the decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium. The basic theoretical and experimental methods, discharge decomposition, thermal stability and gas-solid interface interaction properties of several potential eco-friendly gas insulating medium are summarized. The existing problems and future research directions are also discussed.

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“…Acute inhalation toxicity of decomposition products[146][147][148]. CF 3 CN, C 2 F 5 CN and C 2 N 2 in C 4 F 7 N gas mixtures due to the lack of a standard gas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Xiao¹,

Shi²,

Li³

et al. 2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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“…Zhang and colleagues published the results from a series of inhalation toxicity studies conducted in the mouse [16]. As expected, the results demonstrated the higher sensitivity of the mouse in acute inhalation studies compared to the rat but again did not demonstrate any additional relevance for a human health risk assessment.…”

Section: Safety Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Independent groups have also conducted toxicological tests [14][15][16] with Novec 4710 gas using non-OECD test protocols. Variation in test parameters such as the animal species, exposure time and the condition of the gas will provide significantly different results.…”

Section: Safety Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development of Two Alternative Gases to SF6 for High Voltage Electrical Power Applications

et al. 2021

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For many years, SF6 has been the preferred dielectric medium in electrical power applications, particularly in high voltage gas-insulated equipment. However, with the recognition that SF6 has an extremely long atmospheric lifetime and very high global warming potential, governments have pursued emission reductions from gas-filled equipment. The electrical power industry has responded to this environmental challenge applying SF6-free technologies to an expanding range of applications which have traditionally used SF6, including gas-insulated switchgear, gas-insulated circuit breakers and gas-insulated lines or bus bars. Some of these SF6-free solutions include gas mixtures containing fluorinated compounds that have low climate impact, among them, a fluoronitrile and a fluoroketone developed as 3M™ Novec™ 4710 Insulating Gas and 3M™ Novec™ 5110 Insulating Gas, respectively. Both fluoronitrile and fluoroketone mixtures are successfully used in gas-insulated equipment currently operating on the grid where they reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 99% versus SF6. This paper reviews these leading components of alternative-gas mixtures with updates on the performance, safety and environmental profiles in electrical power applications.

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“…For high voltage‐gas insulated equipment, the C 4 F 7 N content is generally in the range of 4%–18% to meet the minimum operating temperature of −25°C [27, 28]. Although the acute toxicity of pure C 4 F 7 N gas is high, with LC50 values of 1175 ppm (male mice, 4 h) and 1380 ppm (female mice, 4 h) [18], considering that the content of C 4 F 7 N in equipment is small and that the gas mixture mainly includes background gas (CO 2 , N 2 O 2 ), it will not pose a threat to the health of relevant personnel as long as there is no gas leakage accident in the equipment when C 4 F 7 N is employed as an insulating medium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhang et al. evaluated the acute inhalation toxicity of C 4 F 7 N based on rats and mice considering the LC50, weight change, gender difference, body recovery characteristics and target organ effects, and confirmed that the use of C 4 F 7 N in circuit breakers is relatively safe [17, 18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arc decomposition behavior of C ₄ F ₇ N/Air gas mixture and biosafety evaluation of its by‐products

Zhang

et al. 2022

High Voltage

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At present, reports on the arc interruption and decomposition behavior of a C 4 F 7 N/air gas mixture especially the biosafety of its by-products are limited. Herein, a 57% C 4 F 7 N/ 43% air gas mixture was employed as an arc-quenching medium to conduct 200 breaking tests on a load switch (630 A/24 kV). The arc interruption and decomposition behavior of the gas mixture were evaluated, and the biosafety of the decomposition products was assessed based on an acute inhalation toxicity test. It was found that the average arcing time of the 200 breakings was about 10.1 ms and that breakings were basically completed at the zero-crossing of the second or third current half-cycle. The gas mixture after breaking decomposed dramatically (the C 4 F 7 N content decreased by 75.6%), generating a large number of gaseous by-products (CO, CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , C 3 F 8 , CF 3 CN, C 4 F 8 , CO 2 , C 4 F 10 N 2 , C 3 F 6 , C 2 N 2 , etc.) as well as solid by-products (carbon particles). The lethal concentration of 50% (LC50, 4 h) of C 4 F 7 N/air after 200 breakings was 31 ppm (male mice) and 34 ppm (female mice), respectively, and the toxicity was classified as Grade 1. In general, C 4 F 7 N has an arc interruption capability, albeit weaker than that of SF 6 under the same conditions. After breaking, the C 4 F 7 N gas mixture has a relatively high acute inhalation toxicity, and relevant safety protection measures for research or operation personnel are strictly needed.

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Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF₆

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Recent Development of Two Alternative Gases to SF6 for High Voltage Electrical Power Applications

Arc decomposition behavior of C ₄ F ₇ N/Air gas mixture and biosafety evaluation of its by‐products

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Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF6

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Review on decomposition characteristics of eco-friendly gas insulating medium for high voltage gas insulated equipment

Recent Development of Two Alternative Gases to SF6 for High Voltage Electrical Power Applications

Arc decomposition behavior of C 4 F 7 N/Air gas mixture and biosafety evaluation of its by‐products

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Product

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Acute toxicity and health effect of perfluoroisobutyronitrile on mice: a promising substitute gas-insulating medium to SF₆

Arc decomposition behavior of C ₄ F ₇ N/Air gas mixture and biosafety evaluation of its by‐products