Issues in the measurement of leisure: A comparison of theoretical and connotative meanings

Boredom in Free Time: Relationships with Personality, Affect, and Motivation for Different Gender, Racial and Ethnic Student Groups

“…In addition, for three of the groups (i.e., African American females, Asian American males, Hispanic American males), the experience of boredom was related to another type of extrinisic motivationthe desire to please others. These latter results extend the work of several authors (e.g., Samdahl, 1991;Samdahl & Kleiber, 1989) who noted that concern with the opinions of others constrained leisure. Deci's (1980;Ryan & Deci, 2000) more detailed rendering of motivational forces posited the differing conditions under which fairly typical experiences can involve both externally controlled and internally motivated elements (and vice versa).…”

Special issue introduction: Leisure constraints/constrained leisure

“…This is consistent with the third change, namely dropping the word participation, based on the recognition that constraints may influence far more than the choice to participate or not, but many other aspects of leisure as well, including preferences and satisfaction. It is also consistent with the evolution of definitions of leisure, away from activity-and time-based conceptualizations and toward the concept of leisure as meaning and experience (Samdahl, 1991). The full implications of this change for leisure constraints research have yet to be recognized, let alone fully explored; nevertheless, the shift is a significant one and will provide many opportunities and challenges for constraints researchers.…”

Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences

“…To develop a measurement instrument for MTE, a multistaged development study was conducted. Churchill's (1979) suggested procedure for developing measures of marketing constructs and Hinkins's (1995) recommendations for improving the scale development process provided guidance Bloch and Richins 1983;Blodgett and Granbois 1992;Celsi and Olson 1988;Park and Hastak 1994;Sanbomatsu and Fazio 1990;Swinyard 1993 Hedonism Dunman andMattila 2005;Lee, Dattilo, and Howard 1994;Mannell and Kleiber 1997;Otto and Ritchie 1996Happiness Bolla, Dawson, and Harrington 1991Pleasure Farber and Hall 2007Floyd 1997;Gunter 1987Relaxation Howard et al 1993Mannell, Zuzanek, andLarson 1988 Stimulation Arnould andPrice 1993;Bolla, Dawson, and Harrington 1991;Howard et al 1993;Obenour et al 2006;Samdahl 1991Refreshment Howard et al 1993Hull and Michael 1995;Samdahl 1991 Social interaction Ap andWong 2001;Arnould and Price 1993;Bolla, Dawson, and Harrington 1991;Howard et al 1993;Obenour et al 2006 for the research. In addition, Anderson and Gerbing's (1988) guidelines for establishing measurement reliabilities as well as previous scale development studies were referenced (e.g., Hung and Petrick 2010;Hosany and Gilbert 2009).…”