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citations
Cited by 280 publications
(235 citation statements)
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References 29 publications
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“…Most affected individuals have S. aureus identifiable on skin swabs, often at very high density and more often present on lesional than nonlesional skin (16). Furthermore, S. aureus present on the skin of atopics is significantly more likely to express superantigen, and indeed the levels correlate with disease severity (17)(18)(19). Keratinocytes have been shown to up-regulate HLA class II and ICAM-1 after the application of staphylococcal superantigen to the skin (20).…”
Section: Atopy ͉ T Cells ͉ Keratinocytes ͉ Staphylococcusmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Most affected individuals have S. aureus identifiable on skin swabs, often at very high density and more often present on lesional than nonlesional skin (16). Furthermore, S. aureus present on the skin of atopics is significantly more likely to express superantigen, and indeed the levels correlate with disease severity (17)(18)(19). Keratinocytes have been shown to up-regulate HLA class II and ICAM-1 after the application of staphylococcal superantigen to the skin (20).…”
Section: Atopy ͉ T Cells ͉ Keratinocytes ͉ Staphylococcusmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The following reagents were purchased as indicated: S-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl)-N-palmitoyl-Cys-Ser-(Lys) 4 (Pam3CSK 4 ; EMC Microcollections, Tubingen, Germany); poly(I:C), LPS (Escherichia coli, 026:B6), cytochrome c, superoxide dismutase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); PMA (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA); rIL-4, rIL-5 (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ); rIFN-␥ (Shionogi Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan), and SB203580 (Promega, Madison, WI). R-848 was synthesized in Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation (Saitama, Japan).…”
Section: Reagentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, viral or bacterial infections often precede asthma exacerbation in both children and adults (2,3). Exacerbation of atopic dermatitis is associated with infections by bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (4). The link between infection and exacerbation of allergic diseases may consist of various pathways having multiple steps, but direct activation of eosinophils by microbe-derived molecules potentially represents one clear explanation of such mechanisms.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A role of staphylococcal superantigens in atopic dermatitis has recently been recognized [7,8] and similar mechanisms might be relevant in airway disease [9]. IgE antibodies to S. aureus enterotoxins have been described in nasal polyp tissue, and linked to local polyclonal IgE production and eosinophilic inflammation [10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%