Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review

Barcelos, Ionara Diniz Evangelista Santos; Penna, Ivan Andrade de Araújo; Soligo, Adriana de Góes e Silva; Costa, Zelma Bernardes; Martins, Wellington P.

doi:10.1055/s-0040-1722256

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The prevalence of neonatal death in the offspring of women diagnosed with COVID-19 during pregnancy has been estimated ranging from 0% to 7%. However, the relationship between infection neonatal mortality remains unclear because all deaths occurred in preterm newborns ( 110 – 112 ). It has been hypothesized that immune changes occurring in babies born from COVID-19 positive mothers can influence the perinatal outcomes.…”

Section: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-cov-2)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, similar numbers of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells levels were detected among the two groups ( 96 ). At any rate, neonatal mortality seems higher in pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia, possibly because the critical respiratory status of the mother compromises placental blood flow ( 110 – 112 ). Overall, analysis of the current literature suggests that the risk of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is very low and has been confirmed definitively only in a small minority of cases ( 110 – 112 ).…”

Section: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-cov-2)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring

et al. 2022

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Overt and subclinical maternal infections in pregnancy can have multiple and significant pathological consequences for the developing fetus, leading to acute perinatal complications and/or chronic disease throughout postnatal life. In this context, the current concept of pregnancy as a state of systemic immunosuppression seems oversimplified and outdated. Undoubtedly, in pregnancy the maternal immune system undergoes complex changes to establish and maintain tolerance to the fetus while still protecting from pathogens. In addition to downregulated maternal immunity, hormonal changes, and mechanical adaptation (e.g., restricted lung expansion) make the pregnant woman more susceptible to respiratory pathogens, such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depending on the infectious agent and timing of the infection during gestation, fetal pathology can range from mild to severe, and even fatal. Influenza is associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women than in the general population, and, especially during the third trimester of pregnancy, mothers are at increased risk of hospitalization for acute cardiopulmonary illness, while their babies show higher risk of complications such as prematurity, respiratory and neurological illness, congenital anomalies, and admission to neonatal intensive care. RSV exposure in utero is associated with selective immune deficit, remodeling of cholinergic innervation in the developing respiratory tract, and abnormal airway smooth muscle contractility, which may predispose to postnatal airway inflammation and hyperreactivity, as well as development of chronic airway dysfunction in childhood. Although there is still limited evidence supporting the occurrence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the high prevalence of prematurity among pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2 suggests this virus may alter immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface, affecting both the mother and her fetus. This review aims at summarizing the current evidence about the short- and long-term consequences of intrauterine exposure to influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in terms of neonatal and pediatric outcomes.

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Section: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-cov-2)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (Sars-cov-2)...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring

et al. 2022

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“…[ 7 ] In line with this, a systematic review was done on the vertical transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, and the results indicated a very low probability of vertical transmission with the available data. [ 48 ] Hence, these detrimental pathologies of viral infections need to be understood in detail to devise strategies for virus‐mediated fetal congenital conditions.…”

Section: Placenta As a Barrier For Viral Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on the Technological Aspects and Biomedical Applications of Virus‐Like Particles/Nanoparticles in Reproductive Biology: Insights on the Medicinal and Toxicological Outlook

Chandrasekar

Singh

Maharjan

et al. 2022

Advanced NanoBiomed Research

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Increasing data on the infection indicate that maternal infections are severe. Under the realms of vaccine development, virus‐like particles (VLP)/nanoparticles (NPs) hold the promise of targeted control of therapeutics transfer across the placental barrier with the potential to trigger innate immune responses. Though the placenta is known to act as a barrier against exogenous materials, viruses exploit the transport systems and overcome the barrier properties. VLPs can be strategically designed to obtain the necessary mechanisms for navigation across the placenta and immune response. However, several knowledge gaps on the chemical, viral transmission strategies and the host defense response exist owing to the highly dynamic etiology of the placental barrier. This further complicates the toxicological analysis of the developed therapeutics. Herein, placental physiology and functions are discussed in significance with chemical toxicology, viral infections, and the host defense. Further, the promising applications of VLPs and perspective on their design to overcome the placental gatekeeper to gain the necessary immune response or therapy are provided. Finally, a holistic approach to various bioengineering models for studying chemical toxicants, viral infections, and effects of VLPs is provided to facilitate better translation of these VLPs to clinical applications.

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“…This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited. phenomenon (9).…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possibility of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transmission Through Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

Kermani

Abadiavil

Khaksari³

et al. 2022

Mod Care J

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Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the infection control strategies have affected breastfeeding and mother-newborn contact due to the fear of disease transmission to the baby. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of CPVID-19 transmission by reviewing the currently published articles. Methods: In this systematic review, 296 articles were first retrieved from IranMedex, SID, IranDoc, Magiran, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Science Direct, Medline, and Google Scholar search engine using the keywords "breastfeeding", "breast", "vertical transfer", "breast milk", "colostrum", "corona", and "COVID-19". Of the 296 retrieved articles, 16 were eligible for the review. Results: Reviewed articles included four retrospective cross-sectional studies, one cohort study, eight case reports, and three case series. Overall, the studies reported 237 RT-PCR tests on breast milk and/or nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs from mother or baby, and 156 serum antibody measurements in mother or baby. The overall findings indicated a low risk for COVID-19 transmission from mother to infant through breastfeeding, while breastfeeding was detected to transfer the antibodies to the newborn. Conclusions: Due to the low transmission risk, it was recommended that mothers with mild to moderate symptoms should breastfeed their infants with infection control measurements, while mothers with severe symptoms should use pumped breastmilk for feeding their infants.

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Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 37 publications

Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring

Effects of Vertical Transmission of Respiratory Viruses to the Offspring

Perspectives on the Technological Aspects and Biomedical Applications of Virus‐Like Particles/Nanoparticles in Reproductive Biology: Insights on the Medicinal and Toxicological Outlook

Possibility of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Transmission Through Breast Milk: A Systematic Review

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