“…The strong vibration bands of C=N were observed at 1510 cm −1 ( Chen et al., 2021 ; Weetman et al., 2019 ). Bands at 3435, 1651, 1380, and 1100 cm −1 were ascribed to the stretching vibration of N-H, C=O, C-N, and C-O ( An et al., 2021 ; Chen et al., 2021 ), respectively, which also demonstrated that the dehydrate condensation occurred between the carboxyl and amine groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further verified the presence of carboxyl and amine in the CQDs ( Figure S17 ) ( Weetman et al., 2019 ).…”