Understanding the sodium storage mechanisms of organic electrodes in sodium ion batteries: issues and solutions

Rajagopalan, Ranjusha; Tang, Yougen; Jia, Chuankun; Ji, Xiaobo; Wang, Haiyan

doi:10.1039/c9ee03637g

Cited by 145 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 177 publications

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“…[ 4–7 ] As possible candidates, sodium and potassium ion systems are receiving intense attention owing to their low cost and high natural abundant resources. [ 8–14 ] Particularly, recent studies indicated that compared with sodium ions, potassium ions exhibited more merits on the basis of its similar intercalation behaviors in graphite and closer redox potential (K/K + , −2.92 V) with Li ions. [ 15,16 ] Therefore, potassium ion energy storage system, including potassium ion batteries (PIBs) and potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) demonstrates a promising prospect in practical applications, and the corresponding studying upsurge is just beginning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid‐State Templates for Constructing B, N, Co‐Doping Porous Carbons with a Boosting of Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance

Feng

Liu

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

105

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lithium resources greatly limits the large-scale promotion and application of LIBs. [4-7] As possible candidates, sodium and potassium ion systems are receiving intense attention owing to their low cost and high natural abundant resources. [8-14] Particularly, recent studies indicated that compared with sodium ions, potassium ions exhibited more merits on the basis of its similar intercalation behaviors in graphite and closer redox potential (K/K + , −2.92 V) with Li ions. [15,16] Therefore, potassium ion energy storage system, including potassium ion batteries (PIBs) and potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) demonstrates a promising prospect in practical applications, and the corresponding studying upsurge is just beginning. [16,17] In the exploration of potassium electrode materials, porous carbons are highly preferable owing to their elastic framework, rich porosity and good conductivity, which can efficiently alleviate the volume expansion caused by the larger K + (ionic radius, 1.38 Å) intercalation and provides more pathways for fast K + diffusion. [16,18-21] So far, many carbons with various porosities have been successfully used in potassium ion system, exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance. [22,23] In current strategies of producing porous carbons, the template method is considered as one ideal way owing to its good control of porous architectures. [16] Presently, solid-phase templates including salts, SiO 2 nanospheres, and metal foams have been applied widely in constructing porous carbons. [24-26] Besides, gas-phase templates such as gas bubbles and foams are also popular due to their facile and economical process. [23,27] Despite a great process, several challenges still remain. For example, salt or gas-phase templates are simple and scalable, but always create large-size pores, giving rise to the severe decrease of the volumetric capacitance. [28] The nanosized solid-phase templates can lead to small-size pores, but are hindered by high cost and the probability of contamination from the removal process. [29] Therefore, the development of a scalable and green template strategy for the synthesis of carbons with rich nanosized porosity is important. Notably, in contrast to the success of solid-and gas-phase templates, liquid-state templates are rarely reported so far, which might be Template-assistant design and fabrication of porous carbon electrode materials has experienced great progress throughout the past decades and yielded lots of successes via various gas or solid state templates. Nevertheless, liquid-state templates are rather rare in preparing porous carbon materials to date. In this work, melting B 2 O 3 beads are used as both templates and a B dopant, leading to unique B, N co-doping hierarchically porous carbons containing a "bubble pool"-like skeleton built of interconnected carbon nanobubbles. Notably, an interesting amending effect of doped B atoms on the N-doped carbon network can be identified for the first time, which creates a "paddy field"-like hybrid microstructure wi...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid‐State Templates for Constructing B, N, Co‐Doping Porous Carbons with a Boosting of Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance

Feng

Liu

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

105

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“…[9][10][11] Therefore, organic materials as electrodes applied for metal-ion batteries have fascinated researchers gradually in recent years. [8,[12][13][14] Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely applied in electron devices and electric vehicles due to its high energy density. [15] Meanwhile, there is also an increasing attention on sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) that are potentially comparable to LIBs due to their low cost and abundant resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 9–11 ] Therefore, organic materials as electrodes applied for metal‐ion batteries have fascinated researchers gradually in recent years. [ 8,12–14 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Study of Poly(2,6‐Anthraquinonyl Sulfide) as Cathode for Alkali‐Metal‐Ion Batteries

Gao

Fan

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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Organic electrode materials are extensively applied for alkali metal (lithium, sodium, and potassium)‐ion batteries (LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs) due to their sustainability and low cost. As a typical organic cathode, poly(2,6‐anthraquinonyl sulfide) (PAQS) shows high theoretical capacity, yet its electrochemical behavior and mechanisms in alkali‐metal‐ion batteries still require clarification. Herein, PAQS microspheres are synthesized and applied as cathodes for LIBs, SIBs, and PIBs. When using traditional low‐concentration electrolytes, the reduction voltage and the initial discharge capacity of PAQS electrode in LIB, SIBs, PIBs are 2.11 V/103 mAh g−1, 1.76/1.30 V/134 mAh g−1, 1.94/1.54 V/198 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1, respectively, while the cycling stability of PAQS is in the order of LIBs > SIBs > PIBs. To further promote the practical application of PIBs, a facile method is demonstrated to improve the cycle stability of PAQS for PIBs by using a novel high‐concentration electrolyte. The cycling stability of PIBs with PAQS can be improved significantly to 1200 cycles with a capacity decay of 0.031% per cycle. This work may provide guidelines for developing innovative organic materials used in applicable metal‐ion batteries demonstrates the impact of electrolyte optimization on improving the cycling stability.

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“…Many polymer-based biobatteries and bio-electrodes are also attracting attention due to the properties they possess, such as high energy density, easily usable at room temperature, non-polluting, bio-degradable, and safety [13][14][15][16]. Many new bio-electrodes are also being identified as a replacement for the graphite anode, which is widely used in LIBs and also in some SIBs, due to their low cost and environment-friendly nature [17][18][19]. However, low redox stability, very high solubility in battery electrolyte and extremely low electronic conductivity limit their wide adoption [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A DFT Study of Heteroatom Doped-Pyrazine as an Anode in Sodium ion Batteries

Zaidi¹,

Raza²,

Hassan³

et al. 2021

JNMES

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Lithium ion batteries cannot satisfy increasing demand for energy storage. A range of complementary batteries are needed which are environmentally acceptable, of moderate cost and easy to manufacture/recycle. In this case, we have chosen pyrazine to be used in the sodium ion batteries to meet the energy storage requirements of tomorrow. Pyrazine is studied as a possible anode material for bio-batteries, lithium-ion, and sodium ion batteries due to its broad set of useful properties such as ease of synthesis, low cost, ability to be charge-discharge cycled, and stability in the electrolyte. The heteroatom doped-pyrazine with atoms of boron, fluorine, phosphorous, and sulphur as an anode in sodium ion batteries has improved the stability and intercalation of sodium ions at the anode. The longest bond observed between sodium ion and sulphur-doped pyrazine at 2.034 Å. The electronic charge is improved and further enhanced by the presence of highly electronegative atoms such as fluorine and bromine in an already electron-attracting pyrazine compound. The highest adsorption energy is observed for the boron-doped pyrazine at -2.735 eV. The electron-deficient sites present in fluorine and bromine help in improving the electronic storage of the sodium ion batteries. A mismatch is observed between the adsorption energy and bond length in pyrazine doped with fluorine and phosphorus.

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Understanding the sodium storage mechanisms of organic electrodes in sodium ion batteries: issues and solutions

Abstract: Organic materials offer a new opportunity to develop high-performance, low-cost, environmentally benign sodium ion batteries. This review provides insights into the different sodium storage mechanisms in various categories of organic materials.

Cited by 145 publications

References 177 publications

Liquid‐State Templates for Constructing B, N, Co‐Doping Porous Carbons with a Boosting of Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance

Liquid‐State Templates for Constructing B, N, Co‐Doping Porous Carbons with a Boosting of Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance

Electrochemical Study of Poly(2,6‐Anthraquinonyl Sulfide) as Cathode for Alkali‐Metal‐Ion Batteries

A DFT Study of Heteroatom Doped-Pyrazine as an Anode in Sodium ion Batteries

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