The structure and reactivity of nanoscale diamond

Krueger, Anke

doi:10.1039/b716673g

Cited by 244 publications

(166 citation statements)

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“…The nanodiamonds are produced at significantly lower temperatures, which should enable the coating of plastics for flexible applications 43 . Compared with detonation, the microplasma process is higher purity as metal and other impurities (for example, nitrogen and oxygen) are eliminated 44 . Moreover, steep pressure and temperature gradients are avoided, which in detonation processes lead to fullerene shells and severe agglomeration, requiring extensive post-purification steps 45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of nanodiamonds at near-ambient conditions via microplasma dissociation of ethanol vapour

et al. 2013

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Clusters of diamond-phase carbon, known as nanodiamonds, exhibit novel mechanical, optical and biological properties that have elicited interest for a wide range of technological applications. Although diamond is predicted to be more stable than graphite at the nanoscale, extreme environments are typically used to produce nanodiamonds. Here we show that nanodiamonds can be stably formed in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure and neutral gas temperatures o100°C by dissociation of ethanol vapour in a novel microplasma process. Addition of hydrogen gas to the process allows in flight purification by selective etching of the non-diamond carbon and stabilization of the nanodiamonds. The nanodiamond particles are predominantly between 2 and 5 nm in diameter, and exhibit cubic diamond, n-diamond and lonsdaleite crystal structures, similar to nanodiamonds recovered from meteoritic residues. These results may help explain the origin of nanodiamonds in the cosmos, and offer a simple and inexpensive route for the production of high-purity nanodiamonds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of nanodiamonds at near-ambient conditions via microplasma dissociation of ethanol vapour

et al. 2013

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“…Usually, ND particles produced by the detonation process are tightly bound in aggregates that are difficult to separate into monodisperse particle colloids. 25,53 No dynamic light scattering data were available for the ND suspension in isopropyl alcohol used in the present study, but it likely contains a broad range of particle sizes. In fact, a nearly full sedimentation of the suspension was observed after about 2 hours after completion of the ultrasonic agitation.…”

Section: Interactions Between Substrate Surface and Nd Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallic Seed Nanolayers for Enhanced Nucleation of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films

et al. 2013

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ABSTRACT:The enhancement of the nucleation and subsequent growth of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films with a submicron thickness control on silicon substrates is demonstrated by using a sputter deposition of six different metallic (Cr, Mo, Nb, Ti, V, and W) seed nanolayers. The effectiveness of altered surface morphology and surface chemistry is discussed. We show that the number density of nanodiamond particles embedded on the nanorough metallic surfaces after an ultrasonic seeding step together with the dynamic surface chemistry during hot-filament chemical vapor deposition of diamond determine the nucleation kinetics, microstructure and surface topography of the NCD films. Overall, the smoothest NCD layer (root-mean-square roughness 10 nm) was obtained with the highest seed density of diamond nanoparticles anchored to the metallic (W) surface. In particular, the rapid carbide-forming metals Mo, Nb and W showed the highest number density of diamond crystallites formed during the NCD nucleation stage, which resulted in dense, uniform and very smooth NCD films. Much rougher NCD films (17-37 nm) were obtained on the Cr, Ti, and V nanolayers that did not form carbides rapidly.Importantly, the carbon phase purity of the grown NCD films remains unaffected by the presence of different metallic seed nanolayers. Furthermore, we have assessed that the metallic nanolayer surface morphology does not play a relevant role in the enhancement of the seeding step.

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“…One of the purposes of such functionalisation would be to produce new materials, especially composites. Even though many of these papers report reactions of nanodiamond surfaces with several chemicals or compounds, covalent functionalisation of nanodiamond is not fully accomplished [1]. Furthermore, clear evidence for functionalisation has not been provided by spectroscopic, microscopic, and other physical measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-covalent functionalisation of nanodiamond has been attempted by absorption of certain molecules such as amino acids and proteins [3][4][5]. One of the methods employed for covalent surface modification is to treat nanodiamond with acids or oxidising agents to create carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface [1,6,7]. Reaction with fluorine, ammonia and such gases has also been carried out to produce chemical changes on the surfaces [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Covalent and noncovalent functionalisation and solubilisation of nanodiamond

Maitra

Gomathi

Rao

2008

Journal of Experimental Nanoscience

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Covalent functionalisation of nanodiamond has been carried out by employing several methods. One of them involves the reaction of acid-treated nanodiamond with thionyl chloride followed by reaction with a long-chain aliphatic amine to produce the amide derivative. The second method involves reaction of acidtreated nanodiamond with an organosilicon or organotin reagent such as hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, dibutyldimethoxytin, and perfluoro-octyltriethoxysilane. The products of covalent functionalisation produce excellent dispersions in CCl 4 and toluene. SiO 2 -and SnO 2 -covered nanodiamond are obtained by heating the nanodiamond coated with the organosilane and the organotin reagents, respectively. By interaction of nanodiamond with surfactants such as sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulphosuccinate (AOT), Triton X-100 (TX-100), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and tert-octylphenoxy poly(oxyethylene)ethanol (IGEPAL) gives good dispersions in water, the best dispersion with the lowest surfactant concentration being obtained with IGEPAL.

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The structure and reactivity of nanoscale diamond

Cited by 244 publications

References 68 publications

Formation of nanodiamonds at near-ambient conditions via microplasma dissociation of ethanol vapour

Formation of nanodiamonds at near-ambient conditions via microplasma dissociation of ethanol vapour

Metallic Seed Nanolayers for Enhanced Nucleation of Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films

Covalent and noncovalent functionalisation and solubilisation of nanodiamond

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