The Effects of a Low‐Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and a Low‐Fat Diet on Mood, Hunger, and Other Self‐Reported Symptoms

McClernon, F. Joseph; Yancy, William S.; Eberstein, Jacqueline A.; Atkins, Robert C.; Westman, Eric

doi:10.1038/oby.2007.516

Cited by 147 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Despite the deliberate lack of calorie prescription for either group, a greater spontaneous calorie reduction likely occurred in the LCHF group than in the control group. Again, this is in line with available evidence suggesting that appetite seems to be better regulated with LCHF eating (Hu et al 2016;McClernon et al 2007). Another explanation for why LCHF eating might produce superior outcomes is due to the physiological and hormonal changes observed when undertaking an LCHF diet.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel

Zinn

McPhee

Harris

et al. 2017

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Overweight, obesity, and poor health is becoming a global concern for defence force personnel. Conventional nutrition guidelines are being questioned for their efficacy in achieving optimal body composition and long-term health. This study compared the effects of a 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with a conventional, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on weight reduction and metabolic health outcomes in at-risk New Zealand Defence Force personnel. In this randomised controlled trial, 41 overweight personnel were assigned to intervention and control groups. Weight, waist circumference, fasting lipids, and glycaemic control were assessed at baseline and at 12 weeks. Within-group change scores were analysed using the t statistic and interpreted using a p < 0.05 level of statistical significance. Between-group mean differences and confidence intervals were analysed using effect sizes and magnitude-based inferences. Twenty-six participants completed the trial (14 intervention, 12 control). Both groups showed statistically significant weight and waist circumference reductions; the intervention group significantly reduced triglycerides and serum glucose and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc). Relative to control, the intervention group showed small, possibly to likely beneficial effects for weight, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; moderate, likely beneficial effects for HDL cholesterol, triglyceride:HDLc ratio and HbA1c; and a small, likely harmful effect for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This dietary approach shows promise for short-term weight loss and improved metabolic health outcomes conditions compared with mainstream recommendations. It should be offered to defence force personnel at least as a viable alternative means to manage their weight and health.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel

Zinn

McPhee

Harris

et al. 2017

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar to the findings of others, [5,6] we documented improvements in mood among participants in the intervention at S1 (n=111). Among the 32 participants with mood scores indicative of depression (PHQ-9 score ≥10), the mean decrease in score was 7.0 (SD 5.2).…”

Section: Fig 1 Weight Loss (%) Among Participants In Lis In Two Prisupporting

confidence: 77%

A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings

Mark¹,

Toit²,

Noakes

et al. 2016

S Afr Med J

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Lifestyle interventions (LIs) can treat metabolic syndrome and prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus, but they remain underutilised in routine practice. In 2010, an LI model was created in a rural primary care practice and spread with few resources to four other rural practices. A retrospective chart review evaluated changes in health indicators in two practice environments by following 372 participants, mainly women (mean age 52 years). Participants had a mean body mass index of 37 kg/m 2 at baseline and lost an average of 12% of their initial body weight as a result of the intervention. Among participants at the first intervention site for whom cardiometabolic data were available, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome decreased from 58% at baseline to 19% at follow-up. Taken as a whole, our experience suggests that LIs are feasible and deliver meaningful results in routine primary care practice.

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“…There are other studies addressing the issue of depression and mood under caloric restriction. However, the study designs applied do not allow to appropriately control for biases that produce apparent beneficial effects because of psychological, motivational co-interventions [38][39][40][41]. Taken together, these findings emphasize the relevance of caution when prescribing a weight reduction program to obese individuals.…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Neuroprotectionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Why Doesn’t the Brain Lose Weight, When Obese People Diet?

Peters¹,

Bosy‐Westphal²,

Kubera³

et al. 2011

Obes Facts

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Objective: As has been shown recently, obesity is associated with brain volume deficits. We here used an interventional study design to investigate whether the brain shrinks after caloric restriction in obesity. To elucidate mechanisms of neuroprotection we assessed brain-pull competence, i.e. the brain’s ability to properly demand energy from the body. Methods: In 52 normal-weight and 42 obese women (before and after ≈10% weight loss) organ masses of brain, liver and kidneys (magnetic resonance imaging), fat (air displacement plethysmography) and muscle mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed. Body metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. To investigate how energy is allocated between brain and body, we used reference data obtained in the field of comparative biology. We calculated the distance between each woman and a reference mammal of comparable size in a brain-body plot and named the distance ‘encephalic measure’. To elucidate how the brain protects its mass, we measured fasting insulin, since ‘cerebral insulin suppression’ has been shown to function as a brain-pull mechanism. Results: Brain mass was equal in normal-weight and obese women (1,441.8 ± 14.6 vs. 1,479.2 ± 12.8 g; n.s.) and was unaffected by weight loss (1,483.8 ± 12.7 g; n.s.). In contrast, masses of muscle, fat, liver and kidneys decreased by 3–18% after weight loss (all p < 0.05). The encephalic measure was lower in obese than normal-weight women (5.8 ± 0.1 vs. 7.4 ± 0.1; p < 0.001). Weight loss increased the encephalic measure to 6.3 ± 0.1 (p < 0.001). Insulin concentrations were inversely related to the encephalic measure (r = –0.382; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Brain mass is normal in obese women and is protected during caloric restriction. Our data suggest that neuroprotection during caloric restriction is mediated by a competent brain-pull exerting cerebral insulin suppression.

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The Effects of a Low‐Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet and a Low‐Fat Diet on Mood, Hunger, and Other Self‐Reported Symptoms

Cited by 147 publications

References 19 publications

A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel

A 12-week low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet improves metabolic health outcomes over a control diet in a randomised controlled trial with overweight defence force personnel

A successful lifestyle intervention model replicated in diverse clinical settings

Why Doesn’t the Brain Lose Weight, When Obese People Diet?

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