Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses

Parniske, Martin

doi:10.1038/nrmicro1987

Cited by 1,664 publications

(1,295 citation statements)

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“…About 80 % of all land plants are able to form this mutualistic association with soil-borne fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota, known as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Smith and Read 2008). They are obligate biotrophs that obtain carbohydrates from their host, while they improve mineral nutrition and water acquisition by the host plant (Parniske 2008). Additionally, the symbiosis impacts the plant's ability to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses, commonly improving host resistance to pathogens and tolerance to unfavourable environmental conditions (Jung et al 2012;Pozo and Azcón-Aguilar 2007;Ruiz-Lozano et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense Related Phytohormones Regulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses Depends on the Partner Genotypes

et al. 2014

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses are mutualistic associations between soil fungi and most vascular plants. Modulation of the hormonal and transcriptional profiles, including changes related to defense signalling, has been reported in many host plants during AM symbioses. These changes have been often related to the improved stress tolerance common in mycorrhizal plants. However, results on the alterations in phytohormones content and their role on the symbiosis are controversial.Here, an integrative analysis of the response of phylogenetically diverse plants (i.e., tomato, soybean, and maize) to two mycorrhizal fungi -Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus irregularis-was performed. The analysis of the defense-related hormones salicylic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonates, and the expression of marker genes of the pathways they regulate, revealed significant changes in the roots of mycorrhizal plants. These changes depended on both the plant and the AM fungus (AMF) involved. However, general trends can be identified: roots associated with the most effective colonizer R. irregularis showed fewer changes in these defense-related traits, while the colonization by F. mosseae led to significant modifications in all plants tested. The up-regulation of the jasmonate pathway by F. mosseae was found to be highly conserved among the different plant species, suggesting an important role of jasmonates during this AM interaction. Our study evidences a strong influence of the AMF genotype on the modulation of host defense signalling, and offers hints on the role of these changes in the symbiosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense Related Phytohormones Regulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses Depends on the Partner Genotypes

et al. 2014

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“…They are mostly exuded from roots and function as signalling compounds in the initiation of arbuscular mycorrhizae 3 , which are plant-fungus symbionts with a global effect on carbon and phosphate cycling 4 . Recently, strigolactones were established to be phytohormones that regulate plant shoot architecture by inhibiting the outgrowth of axillary buds 5,6 .…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3 Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. 4 Centre for Biosystems Genomics, PO Box 98, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands. -h) and 0.1 mm (e).…”

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A petunia ABC protein controls strigolactone-dependent symbiotic signalling and branching

Kretzschmar

Kohlen

Sasse

et al. 2012

Nature

482

417

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Strigolactones were originally identified as stimulators of the germination of root-parasitic weeds 1 that pose a serious threat to resource-limited agriculture 2 . They are mostly exuded from roots and function as signalling compounds in the initiation of arbuscular mycorrhizae 3 , which are plant-fungus symbionts with a global effect on carbon and phosphate cycling 4 . Recently, strigolactones were established to be phytohormones that regulate plant shoot architecture by inhibiting the outgrowth of axillary buds 5,6 . Despite their importance, it is not known how strigolactones are transported. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, however, are known to have functions in phytohormone translocation [7][8][9] . Here we show that the Petunia hybrida ABC transporter PDR1 has a key role in regulating the development of arbuscular mycorrhizae and axillary branches, by functioning as a cellular strigolactone exporter. P. hybrida pdr1 mutants are defective in strigolactone exudation from their roots, resulting in reduced symbiotic interactions. Above ground, pdr1 mutants have an enhanced branching phenotype, which is indicative of impaired strigolactone allocation. Overexpression of Petunia axillaris PDR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in increased tolerance to high concentrations of a synthetic strigolactone, consistent with increased export of strigolactones from the roots. PDR1 is the first known component in strigolactone transport, providing new opportunities for investigating and manipulating strigolactone-dependent processes.Strigolactones are a new class of carotenoid-derived 10 phytohormone in land plants. In addition to their role in shoot branching, strigolactones are exuded into the rhizosphere under phosphorus-limiting conditions 5 and act as growth stimulants of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 3 . To identify efflux carriers of arbuscular-mycorrhiza-promoting factors such as strigolactones, we used a degenerate primer approach ( Supplementary Fig. 2a) to isolate full-size PDR-type transporters (also known as ABC subtype G (ABCG) transporters) of P. hybrida that are abundant in phosphate-starved or mycorrhizal roots. The rationale behind the focus on these transporters, of which there are 15 in Arabidopsis 11 , 23 in Oryza sativa (rice) 11 and 23 putative factors in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) ( Supplementary Fig. 3a), was that they are plasma membrane proteins often found in roots 12 , they are implicated in below-ground plantmicrobe interactions 13,14 , and they have affinities for compounds that are structurally related to strigolactones 8,9,15 . Of six primary candidates, only P. hybrida PDR1 had increased expression in roots that were subjected to either phosphate starvation (Fig. 1a) or colonization by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices (Fig. 1b). Furthermore, PDR1 transcript levels increased in response to treatment with the synthetic strigolactone analogue GR24 or the auxin analogue 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (Fig. 1c). Auxin has been shown to upregulate strigolactone-bi...

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“…This exchange has been studied primarily in mycorrhizal fungi, where the fungus provides nutrients obtained from the soil to plant roots in exchange for plant derived monosaccharides [20]. Research on this symbiotic exchange initially focused on the provision of phosphorus to the plant by Glomus sp.…”

Section: Nutrient Exchange In Plant-fungal Symbiosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential agricultural benefits through biotechnological manipulation of plant fungal associations

Behie

Bidochka

2013

BioEssays

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Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses

Cited by 1,664 publications

References 128 publications

Defense Related Phytohormones Regulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses Depends on the Partner Genotypes

Defense Related Phytohormones Regulation in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbioses Depends on the Partner Genotypes

A petunia ABC protein controls strigolactone-dependent symbiotic signalling and branching

Potential agricultural benefits through biotechnological manipulation of plant fungal associations

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