Correction: Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers

Burroughes, J. H.; Bradley, Donal D. C.; Brown, Adam R.; Marks, R. N.; Mackay, K.; Friend, Richard H.; Burn, Paul L.; Holmes, AB

doi:10.1038/348352a0

Cited by 44 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…[1][2][3] All such stacked devices contain several interfaces, e.g. electrode/organic and/or organic/organic, that significantly play a role in the device performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular Energetics at Conjugated Electrolyte/Electrode Modifier for Organic Electronics and their Implications on Design Rules

Bao

Liu

Wang

et al. 2015

Adv Materials Inter

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IntroductionPolymer-based electronic devices such as transistors, light emitting diodes and photovoltaic cells are considered to be an attractive technology with the potential advantages of high throughput, low manufacturing cost, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. [1][2][3] All such stacked devices contain several interfaces, e.g. electrode/organic and/or organic/organic, that significantly play a role in the device performance. Consequently much effort has been invested in tailoring electrodes using interlayers to optimize charge injection/extraction. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Recent reports have demonstrated that conjugated electrolytes (CEs) containing a -delocalized backbone and pendant ionic groups are very efficient charge injection/extraction interlayers for device operation, [12][13][14] as they can effectively tune the work function of metal electrodes. [12,15] Furthermore, the ionic groups render the CEs soluble in polar solvents, allowing the subsequent coating process of the organic layer with no damage to or intermixing with the underlying semiconducting polymer layer that typically is deposited with non-polar solvents. [16] Finally, since CEs feature -conjugated backbones they are reasonably efficient at transporting charge so that the relatively thick films obtained in printing processes could in theory be used without significant loss in device efficiency. The use of CEs for interface engineering in (printed) polymer electronics hence is very attractive and much effort consequently has been invested into understanding the mechanisms for non-conjugated and conjugated electrolyte-based work function modification resulting in several different models recently being presented. [15,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] One approach sets the work function modification by the electrolyte as a pure interface effect where one of the charged species can achieve a more intimate contact with the electrode surface by e.g. being more mobile than the counter charge. [18] When the ions are located close to the interface, the Ion + and Ion -can interact with their respective induced image charge on the substrate, and since one of the ion species are more mobile, e.g. Ion + , those ions will move closer to the substrate and as a consequence form a "double dipole step" up-shifting the work function. [18] If the Ion -is more mobile, a double dipole step down-shifting the work function instead is formed. This effect only occurs at the interface and hence is film thickness independent. It also occurs independently of the substrate work function, but the size of the double dipole step is generally larger for metal electrodes than semiconductors (and ~negligible for insulator substrates).[18] For systems where both charges are equally mobile/immobile, e.g. zwitterion-based electrolytes, (partial) alignment of the ion-containing side chains through either interaction with the electrode at the interface or (bulk) realignment through an electric field will create dipole-induced potential steps. [21][22][23] Besides t...

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“…[1][2][3] All such stacked devices contain several interfaces, e.g. electrode/organic and/or organic/organic, that significantly play a role in the device performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regular Energetics at Conjugated Electrolyte/Electrode Modifier for Organic Electronics and their Implications on Design Rules

Bao

Liu

Wang

et al. 2015

Adv Materials Inter

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“…In 1989, a group from Cambridge University observed electroluminescence (EL) in a conjugated polymer [1]. This was only a weak emission of 0.1% external quantum efficiency (EQE), and the device had a very short lifetime of a few minutes.…”

Section: Development 21 Development History Of Polymer Oledmentioning

confidence: 99%

38-2:Invited Paper: Latest Progress and Its Fundamentals for Polymer-OLED Material

Yamada

2016

SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers

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“…Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are ''dual-injection'' light emission devices whose performance strongly depends on the balanced charge densities inside the device achieved by the efficient bipolar carrier injection [1][2][3]. Since most organic light-emitting materials have low LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) level, the injection of electrons from the cathode is extremely critical to balance the charges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ether solvent treatment to improve the device performance of the organic light emitting diodes with aluminum cathode

Song

Zhong

et al. 2015

Organic Electronics

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Correction: Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers

Cited by 44 publications

References 5 publications

Regular Energetics at Conjugated Electrolyte/Electrode Modifier for Organic Electronics and their Implications on Design Rules

Regular Energetics at Conjugated Electrolyte/Electrode Modifier for Organic Electronics and their Implications on Design Rules

38-2:Invited Paper: Latest Progress and Its Fundamentals for Polymer-OLED Material

Ether solvent treatment to improve the device performance of the organic light emitting diodes with aluminum cathode

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