The centrality of control to parenting and its effects.

Abstract

Baumrind introduced an approach to the study of parenting and its effects that concentrates on patterns of parenting behaviors. the approach has sound ecological validity because discrete parental behaviors do not occur in isolation (Baumrind, larzelere, & owens, 2010). Baumrind has repeatedly demonstrated this at varying levels of abstraction from the early prototypic groupings of authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting (Baumrind, 1971) on through to the most recent superordinate groupings of balance and commitment (Baumrind et al., 2010).this typological approach to understanding parenting is often contrasted with what has been termed a dimensional or variable approach that prefers to give more explicit attention to certain parenting behaviors or dimensions of them, such as various measures of parental support and control (e.g., darling & steinberg, 1993; rollins & thomas, 1979

Parental Psychological Control and Adolescent Adjustment: The Role of Adolescent Emotion Regulation

“…It is widely accepted that psychologically controlling parents intrude into the child’s “psychological world”, exerting parental authority over the child’s life, and intervening in the individuation process, ignoring or frustrating adolescents’ need for autonomy possibly leading to a psychologically and emotionally dependent child (Barber & Xia, 2013; Steinberg, 2005). This may be universally detrimental across adolescence, when autonomy and individuation are key developmental processes (Steinberg, 2005).…”

“…Psychologically controlling parents create a coercive, unpredictable, or negative emotional climate of the family, which serves as one of the ways the family context influences children’s emotion regulation (Morris et al, 2007; Steinberg, 2005). Such parenting strategies ignore the child’s need for autonomy, impede the child’s volitional functioning, and intervene in the individuation process (Barber & Xia, 2013; Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2010). In such an environment, children feel pressure to conform to parental authority, which results in children’s emotional insecurity and dependence (Morris et al, 2002).…”

“…We also expected that anger regulation would moderate the link between psychological control and aggressive behavior, whereas sadness regulation would moderate the link between psychological control and depressive symptoms. Moderating effects of adolescent age and gender in both indirect effects and moderation models were explored based on evidence from the extant literature (Barber & Xia, 2013), although no specific hypotheses were made in regard to gender and age.…”

Psychologically Controlling Parenting and Personality Vulnerability to Depression: A Study in Peruvian Late Adolescents

“…Parental psychological control is a construct of much importance in current research on parenting (Barber and Xia 2013). It refers to manipulative behaviors used by parents to pressure their children to behave according to what parents want (Barber 1996).…”

“…Psychologically controlling parents use techniques such as guilt-induction, shaming, and love withdrawal to enforce control over their children (Barber 1996). Many studies have demonstrated associations between parental psychological control and maladaptive outcomes in children, including both internalizing problems and externalizing problems (Barber and Xia 2013;.…”