2003
DOI: 10.1029/2002rg000123
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Abstract: [1] Snow avalanches are a major natural hazard, endangering human life and infrastructure in mountainous areas throughout the world. In many countries with seasonally snow-covered mountains, avalanche-forecasting services reliably warn the public by issuing occurrence probabilities for a certain region. However, at present, a single avalanche event cannot be predicted in time and space. Much about the release process remains unknown, mainly because of the highly variable, layered character of the snowpack, a h… Show more

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Cited by 510 publications
(365 citation statements)
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References 149 publications
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“…The first automated approaches to identify PRA, considering different terrain parameters, began with the availability of DTMs with quite coarse resolution in the range of 25 15 to 30 meter (Maggioni et al, 2002;Maggioni, 2005;Maggioni and Gruber, 2003). DTMs with higher spatial resolution (1 to 10 m) enable the calculation of DTM-derivatives such as ruggedness or curvature, which are of major importance for avalanche release (van Herwijnen and Heierli, 2009;McClung, 2001;Schweizer et al, 2003;Vontobel, 2011). Table 1 gives an overview on PRA delineation algorithms, published in peer-reviewed web of science journals, and the terrain derivatives they apply.…”
Section: Existing Algorithmsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The first automated approaches to identify PRA, considering different terrain parameters, began with the availability of DTMs with quite coarse resolution in the range of 25 15 to 30 meter (Maggioni et al, 2002;Maggioni, 2005;Maggioni and Gruber, 2003). DTMs with higher spatial resolution (1 to 10 m) enable the calculation of DTM-derivatives such as ruggedness or curvature, which are of major importance for avalanche release (van Herwijnen and Heierli, 2009;McClung, 2001;Schweizer et al, 2003;Vontobel, 2011). Table 1 gives an overview on PRA delineation algorithms, published in peer-reviewed web of science journals, and the terrain derivatives they apply.…”
Section: Existing Algorithmsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Very rough terrain such as ridges and gullies prevent a widespread, connected weak layer and therefore the release of avalanches (Schweizer et al, 2003).…”
Section: Input Datasetsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…This type of deformation is involved in the release of slab avalanches (Schweizer et al, 2003), in the characterization of a snow profile with an indenter (Bader and Niggli, 1939;Schneebeli and Johnson, 1998), or when a vehicle wheel comes in contact with snow on the ground (Yong and Fukue, 1977). To model this specific deformation regime, we propose to describe snow as a granular material, i.e., to simplify the microstructure into a set of rigid grains interacting only through their contacts.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%