Synthesis of Water Soluble Graphene

Si, Yongchao; Samulski, Edward T.

doi:10.1021/nl080604h

Cited by 2,555 publications

(1,693 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…A key feature of the spectra in Figure 8A is the complete absence of peaks associated with C-OH ( ~1340 cm -1 ) and -COOH ( ~1710 to 1720 cm -1 ) groups. 4,[26][27][28] Our spectra are in contrast to those in the literature for films made from reduced graphene oxide 4,28 or chemically derived graphene 9 . This is further evidence that our exfoliation technique does not chemically functionalise the graphene/graphite and that our films are composed of largely defect free material.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 83%

Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions

et al. 2009

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We have demonstrated a method to disperse and exfoliate graphite to give graphene suspended in water-surfactant solutions. Optical characterisation of these suspensions allowed the partial optimisation of the dispersion process. Transmission electron microscopy showed the dispersed phase to consist of small graphitic flakes. More than 40% of these flakes had <5 layers with ~3% of flakes consisting of monolayers. These flakes are stabilised against reaggregation by Coulomb repulsion due to the adsorbed surfactant. However, the larger flakes tend to sediment out over ~6 weeks, leaving only small flakes dispersed. It is possible to form thin films by vacuum filtration of these dispersions. Raman and IR spectroscopic analysis of these films suggests the flakes to be largely free of defects and oxides. The deposited films are reasonably conductive and are semi-transparent. Further improvements may result in the development of cheap transparent conductors.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 83%

Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions

et al. 2009

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“…[6,7] The graphene filler appears dispersed more homogenously inside the polymer matrix in the cPCl-CCG composite. This ordering is due to the covalently linked polymer on the graphene sheet forcing the retention of sheet separation even on precipitation.…”

Section: Materials Composition and Morphologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5] It is reported that graphene-based polymer nanocomposites show much improved mechanical and electrical properties when compared to other carbon filler based nanocomposites. [6][7][8][9] These unique properties have attracted researchers to investigate graphene as a reinforcing agent in biocompatible composite materials in order to improve mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. [10][11][12][13][14] Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCl) is a biodegradable and biocompatible aliphatic polyester with good resistance to water, solvents and oil, synthesized by the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Sayyar¹,

Murray²,

Thompson³

et al. 2013

Carbon

225

156

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Two synthesis routes to graphene/polycaprolactone composites are introduced and the properties of the resulting composites compared. In the first method, mixtures are produced using solution processing of polycaprolactone and well dispersed, chemically reduced graphene oxide and in the second, an esterification reaction covalently links polycaprolactone chains to free carboxyl groups on the graphene sheets. This is achieved through the use of a stable anhydrous dimethylformamide dispersion of graphene that has been highly chemically reduced resulting in mostly peripheral ester linkages. The resulting covalently linked composites exhibit far better homogeneity and as a result, both Young's modulus and tensile strength more than double and electrical conductivities increase by 14 orders of magnitude over the pristine polymer at less than 10 per cent graphene content. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of the materials showed good biocompatibility resulting in promising materials for use as conducting substrates for the electrically stimulated growth of cells. Two synthesis routes to graphene/polycaprolactone composites are introduced and the properties of the resulting composites compared. In the first method, mixtures are produced using solution processing of polycaprolactone and well dispersed, chemically reduced graphene oxide and in the second, an esterification reaction covalently links polycaprolactone chains to free carboxyl groups on the graphene sheets. This is achieved through the use of a stable anhydrous dimethylformamide dispersion of graphene that has been highly chemically reduced resulting in mostly peripheral ester linkages. The resulting covalently linked composites exhibit far better homogeneity and as a result, both Young's modulus and tensile strength more than double and electrical conductivities increase by ≈ 14 orders of magnitude over the pristine polymer at less than 10 % graphene content. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of the materials showed good biocompatibility resulting in promising materials for use as conducting substrates for the electrically stimulated growth of cells.

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“…A lightly sulfonated graphene (SG) was reported to be dispersible in an acidic aqueous medium. 61 SG was synthesized through following procedures: first, GO was prereduced to remove the majority of its oxygenated functional groups; then, prereduced GO was sulfonated with aryl diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid; finally, sulfonated GO (SGO) was further reduced by hydrazine.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Graphene/polymer Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

Sun

Shi

2012

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

229

120

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Graphene has wide potential applications in energyrelated systems, mainly because of its unique atom-thick twodimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 231-253 KEYWORDS: composites; energy; fuel cell; graphene; lithium ion battery; redox polymers; solar cell; supercapacitor; synthesis INTRODUCTION Energy is one of the most important recent topics of concern to human society. To replace conventional fossil fuels, clean and renewable energies based on sunlight, wind, new chemicals, and biofuels are urgently demanded. Therefore, materials that can directly convert or store renewable energies are being extensively studied. Among them, graphene has recently attracted a great deal of attention because of its unique atom-thick two-dimensional (2D) structure 1,2 and excellent electrical, 2 thermal, 3 optical, and mechanical properties. 4,5 Graphene is a promising material for applications in various energy-related systems such as supercapacitors, 6-9 secondary batteries, 10-14 solar cells, 15-17 and fuel cells. [18][19][20] For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form functional composites. [21][22][23] The polymer component can improve the processability and/or flexibility of graphene materials, and also possibly provide them with new functions. To date, various graphene composites with insulating or conducting polymers (CPs) have been prepared through noncovalent 22 or covalent approaches. 24 They have also been applied as electrodes for supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries (LIBs), 25-29 counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 15,30,31 and transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) 32,33 or active layers of organic solar cells, 34 catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. [35][36][37] This review focuses on summarizing the recent advances in the synthesis of graphene/polymer composites and their energy applications.

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Synthesis of Water Soluble Graphene

Cited by 2,555 publications

References 24 publications

Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions

Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications

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