2009
DOI: 10.1021/ja904843x
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Abstract: There has been significant recent interest in the development of highly fluorescent nanomaterials as contrast agents for optical imaging in vivo. 1 The imaging agents should ideally be bright, nontoxic, biocompatible, and stable against photobleaching. Among the extensively studied are those based on semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) such as CdSe/ZnS. 2 The rationale for the use of QDs over conventional organic dyes is now generally accepted in the literature. 3 There are already successful in vivo imaging dem… Show more

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Cited by 1,338 publications
(861 citation statements)
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“…15,16 A great variety of LNPs have been applied in biomedical research, not only for imaging but also for other purposes including drug delivery and in vitro and in vivo photothermal therapies. 17 Quantum dots (QDs), 18,19 gold NPs, 20 carbonbased NPs (C-NPs), 21,22 organic NPs, 23 and rare earth-doped nanocrystals (RENPs) 24 are among the nanoparticle-based fluorescent probes that have been successfully used in biomedicine.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…15,16 A great variety of LNPs have been applied in biomedical research, not only for imaging but also for other purposes including drug delivery and in vitro and in vivo photothermal therapies. 17 Quantum dots (QDs), 18,19 gold NPs, 20 carbonbased NPs (C-NPs), 21,22 organic NPs, 23 and rare earth-doped nanocrystals (RENPs) 24 are among the nanoparticle-based fluorescent probes that have been successfully used in biomedicine.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among them, carbon dots are a new class of functional nanomaterials exhibiting their inherently unique photoluminescent properties, such as wavelengthtuneable emission, excellent solubility, good biocompatibility and chemical inertion [7][8][9][10]. Unlike the semiconductor quantum dots derived from heavy metal precursors incurring long term toxicity [11], C-dots are environmentally friendly and lack of known cytotoxicity [12,13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, the nanoparticles alone can also be used as fluorescent probes, such as QDs, carbon dots (CDs) and upconversion nano particles (UCNPs), which are good alternatives to fluorescent dyes due to high resistance to photo bleaching, deep penetration, high physico chemical and photochemical stability [50][51][52] . OVA-loaded UCNPs (OVA-UCNPs) are used to stimulate DCs for immune secretory as well as in vitro and in vivo precise nanoparticle tracking [53] .…”
Section: Fluorescentbased Labelingmentioning
confidence: 99%