Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids.

Abstract

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR dilution used, 0.0000577Nw, gave an equivalent conductivity of 372.4 mhos, compared with Mr. Dye's 360.5 for his most dilute solution, 0.001089N~. The graph also shows the Onsager slope, calculated from the latest value for myristyl ion, 371.6 (2). It will be seen that the conductivity in this dilute region rises above its infinite dilution value, "a phenomenon which seems to admit of no other interpretation than the formation of (probably small) micelles" (3). This conclusion was also reached in the paper to which this experimental work is an extension. It would probably be found true for all colloidal electrolytes if special care were given to the study of the most dilute solutions.

Electrochemical structure of the crowded cytoplasm

“…Extrapolating from our work on bacterial osmosensors [24,25], we propose that the following phenomena configure the cytoplasmic macromolecules to perform their biochemical and physiological functions. (i) Negatively charged macromolecules and their complexes mutually repel through the 'screened electrostatic forces' of classical physical chemistry to retain their individuality [26][27][28][29][30]. (ii) The high crowding of cytoplasmic macromolecules shapes the remaining cytosol into a system of electrolyte pools and pathways.…”

“…According to classical physical chemistry, negatively charged surfaces induce the formation of ionic atmospheres in the surrounding solution by attracting cations and repelling anions [26,27]. The forces that arise from the overlapping of the ionic atmospheres of two or more charged surfaces are usually referred to as 'screened electrostatic forces', because the ionic atmospheres screen (i.e.…”

“…The electrostatic stabilization of charged surfaces is described by an 'ionic cloud', a concept that is applicable to both electrolyte solutions [27] and charged colloids [26]. For low potentials, the unequal distribution of anions and cations is described by the linear PoissonBoltzmann equation, which defines the Debye's length, 1/k, as follows:…”

“…At higher electrostatic potentials, the nonlinear PoissonBoltzmann equation becomes theoretically inconsistent [26][27][28][29][30], because the potential and charge distributions become nonMaxwellian. The theory of Maxwellian switches [28] preserves the electrostatic consistency by defining co-ion exclusion boundaries that exclude co-ions from spaces where their repulsive energy would be higher than their thermal energy.…”

Liquid−Liquid Coexistence Surface for Lysozyme: Role of Salt Type and Salt Concentration

“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The Hofmeister effect has long been a mystery. In particular, the classic DLVO theory 15,16 that accounts for the effects of salt on colloid or protein precipitation does not depend on salt type. Because DLVO lacks salt-specific input, it cannot explain the Hofmeister effect.…”