Human Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment:  A Challenge to Green Chemistry

Abstract

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Comparison of Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry and Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues in Biota Samples

“…Human and veterinary drugs have been continually released into the environment mainly as a result of manufacturing processes, improper disposal or metabolic excretion [1]. Antibiotics have received a special attention among pharmaceuticals for their increased application in human therapy, aquaculture and livestock agriculture [2], [3].…”

Photocatalytic degradation of three amantadine antiviral drugs as well as their eco-toxicity evolution

“…Personal care products are washed directly into the wastewater streams, while a significant portion of pharmaceuticals also enter aquatic environments as both the original forms and metabolized products after use and excretion. Although PPCPs are commonly presented at low concentration (typically ng-g L −1 ), they constitute an important concern due to their potential risks to aquatic ecological systems and human health even at trace levels [3][4][5].…”

The derivatization and analysis of anticancer pharmaceuticals in the presence of tricyclic antidepressants by gas chromatography

“…Pharmaceuticals used in human and veterinary medicines are emerging pollutants, frequently detected in aquatic environment [1][2][3]. The primary sources of human pharmaceuticals are domestic and hospital wastewaters, as the effect of both the excretion of unmetabolised compounds and the disposal of unused medicines.…”