Giant Broadband (450–2300 nm) Optical Limiting and Enhancement of the Nonlinear Optical Response of Some Graphenes by Defect Engineering

Abstract

The nonlinear optical response (NLO) of some boron (B-GO), nitrogen (N-GO) doped, B,N individually doped (B,N-GO), and B and N domain doped (BN-GO) reduced graphene oxides (GO) is investigated under 4 ns, visible and infrared laser excitation. Besides their very large NLO response, it is shown that the B and/or N doping results in enhancement of the NLO response of undoped GO, the latter exhibiting weak response under visible excitation and negligible response under infrared excitation. In addition, the optical limiting (OL) action of B,N-GO and BN-GO was studied from 450 to 2300 nm and is compared to that of B-GO and N-GO, previously studied. Both B and N codoped graphenes exhibit very efficient broadband OL performance from visible to NIR, more efficient than that of B-GO and N-GO. Actually, the optical limiting onset of B,N-GO and BN-GO was found to attain record low values of 0.00096 and 0.00081 J cm–2 toward NIR wavelengths, lower than any known graphene-based derivative. The current work demonstrates unambiguously the effectiveness of defect engineering of graphene to tailor and enhance the NLO response and optical power limiting action for several photonic and (opto)­electronic applications.

Silicon Nanosheets: An Emerging 2D Photonic Material with a Large Transient Nonlinear Optical Response beyond Graphene

“…Finally, the NLO properties of the present SiNSs will be compared to those of some graphene derivatives (as e.g., graphene oxide (GO), nitrogen-doped GO (N-GO), boron–doped GO (B-GO) and fluorographene (CF)), which have been recently investigated under similar excitation conditions [ 5 , 55 , 56 ]. For comparison purposes, all the obtained results are summarized in Table 1 .…”

“…Two-dimensional materials (2DMs) represent an emerging class of low-dimensional nanostructured systems, consisting of atomically thin sheets with strong covalent in-plane bonding and weak interlayer van der Waals bonding, both resulting in unique physicochemical properties [ 1 , 2 ]. Currently, 2DMs have stimulated considerable interest due to their potential applications in a plethora of scientific areas, including ultrafast lasing [ 3 , 4 ], optical limitation [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], catalysis [ 9 ], sensing [ 2 , 10 ], energy storage [ 11 ], and many more. The pioneer of 2DMs, graphene, has opened a new synthesis route for more 2D systems.…”

N-Doped Graphene and N-Doped Graphene Acid: Heteroatom Doping for Very Efficient Broad-Band Optical Limiting Performance from UV to NIR

“…During the last few decades, the use of laser sources and their applications have been greatly spread in a plethora of societal activities, including several civilian and defense applications, ranging from medical applications, optical imaging, and communications to laser material processing, defense-related technology, etc. − However, an intense laser beam can cause human retinal injury and damage sensitive optical devices. As a result, many efforts have been devoted to developing efficient optical limiters that can prevent permanent damage from intense laser irradiation. , An ideal optical limiting (OL) material is expected to exhibit high transmittance for low intensity (or fluence) laser beams, while it can effectively attenuate a laser beam with increasing intensity. Ideal OL materials are characterized by low optical limiting onset (OL on ) defined as the value of the input fluence where the material’s transmittance begins to deviate from the Beer–Lambert law, broad-band spectral OL performance, short response time, and high damage threshold or structural stability against the high-fluence laser radiation …”

“…There are a plethora of OL materials for diverse applications ranging from organic dyes (porphyrins, phthalocyanine, , etc.) and nanoparticles to carbon-based nanomaterials, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, , carbon dots, graphene, ,, and several others. Graphene, in particular, due to its linearly dispersing bands, resulting in frequency-independent interband optical transitions over a wide spectral range, is reasonably considered among the promising broad-band OL materials. , However, the practical application and device integration of graphene on a wide scale are hampered, inevitably, by its relatively poor dispersibility and processability.…”

Performance Enhancement and Comparison of Graphene Field Effect Transistor Devices Coated with HMDS Layer

“…Graphene [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] is a rapidly growing two-dimensional one atom thick carbon material with great potential in linear dispersion [1,2]. Presently, graphene-based electronic devices [3] are known for attractive peculiarities, like the quantum hall effect [4], tunneling effect [5], and many other transport properties as well as electronic properties [6,7], mechanical properties [8], and optical properties [9,10] owing to their carrier density and polarity, as well as high charge mobility for both electrons and holes. The electronic properties of graphene make it one of the promising materials in generating high-speed sensor devices [11][12][13].…”