The women's health initiative recruitment methods and results

Hays, J. Ray; Hunt, Julie R.; Hubbell, F. Allan; Anderson, Garnet L.; Limacher, Marian C.; Allen, Catherine; Rossouw, Jacques E.

doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00042-5

Cited by 673 publications

(593 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This study is limited by the total number of strokes that occurred in the sample despite WHI's large sample size and extended duration of follow‐up as well as WHI's exclusion of enrolling postmenopausal women who had experienced severe or fatal strokes 58. Approximately one‐third of the strokes were self‐reported at WHI baseline and were not adjudicated by medical record review, limiting classification by stroke subtype (eg, ischemic versus hemorrhagic).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recruitment took place from 1993 to 1998 by 40 clinical centers in 24 states and the District of Columbia 58. Starting in 2005, women who consented were followed up in the WHI Extension Studies (2005‐2010, 2010‐2015, 2015‐present) 59, 60.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting in 2005, women who consented were followed up in the WHI Extension Studies (2005‐2010, 2010‐2015, 2015‐present) 59, 60. Study design and descriptions of baseline characteristics have been published previously 58, 61, 62. Data collection methods, data management, and verification of data accuracy also are documented elsewhere 61, 63.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breastfeeding History and Risk of Stroke Among Parous Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative

Jacobson

Hade

Collins

et al. 2018

JAHA

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BackgroundStroke is the third leading cause of death among US Hispanic and non‐Hispanic black women aged 65 and older. One factor that may protect against stroke is breastfeeding. Few studies have assessed the association between breastfeeding and stroke and whether this association differs by race and ethnicity.Methods and ResultsData were taken from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study with follow‐up through 2010; adjusted hazard ratios for stroke subsequent to childbirth were estimated with Cox regression models accounting for left and right censoring, overall and stratified by race/ethnicity. Of the 80 191 parous women in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, 2699 (3.4%) had experienced a stroke within a follow‐up period of 12.6 years. The average age was 63.7 years at baseline. Fifty‐eight percent (n=46 699) reported ever breastfeeding; 83% were non‐Hispanic white, 8% were non‐Hispanic black, 4% were Hispanic, and 5% were of other race/ethnicity. After adjustment for nonmodifiable potential confounders, compared with women who had never breastfed, women who reported ever breastfeeding had a 23% lower risk of stroke (adjusted hazard ratio=0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.70‐0.83). This association was strongest for non‐Hispanic black women (adjusted hazard ratio=0.52; 95% confidence interval 0.37‐0.71). Further, breastfeeding for a relatively short duration (1‐6 months) was associated with a 19% lower risk of stroke (adjusted hazard ratios=0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.74‐0.89). This association appeared stronger with longer breastfeeding duration and among non‐Hispanic white and non‐Hispanic black women (test for trend P<0.01).ConclusionsStudy results show an association and dose‐response relationship between breastfeeding and lower risk of stroke among postmenopausal women after adjustment for multiple stroke risk factors and lifestyle variables. Further investigation is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breastfeeding History and Risk of Stroke Among Parous Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative

Jacobson

Hade

Collins

et al. 2018

JAHA

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“…10,11 It consisted of three overlapping Clinical Trials (CT) including 68,133 women, as well as an Observational Study (OS) enrolling 93,676 subjects. Recruitment to the WHI took place from 1993 to 1998, and enrolled postmenopausal women between 50 and 79 years of age.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recruitment to the WHI took place from 1993 to 1998, and enrolled postmenopausal women between 50 and 79 years of age. 11 The OS cohort was derived from the women who were screened for the clinical trials but were ineligible or unwilling to be randomized, as well as from those who responded to a direct invitation to be screened for the OS. 12 Exclusion criteria (for both the CT and the OS) were the presence of any medical condition with a predicted survival of < 3 years, concerns about adherence, and active participation in other randomized trials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet Drink Consumption and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Report from the Women’s Health Initiative

et al. 2014

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BACKGROUND: Data are limited regarding the influence of diet drink consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between diet drink intake and cardiovascular events. DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, utilizing data from the national, multicenter Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI OS), recruiting subjects from 1993 to 1998. PATIENTS: Post-menopausal women with available diet drink intake data, without pre-existing CVD and who survived ≥ 60 days were included in the study. MAIN MEAURES: A composite of incident coronary heart disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization procedure, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease and CVD death was used as the primary outcome. CVD death and all-cause mortality were secondary outcomes. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare primary and secondary outcomes across diet drink intake strata. KEY RESULTS: In all, 59,614 women, mean age 62.8 years, were included for analysis. In unadjusted analysis over a follow-up of 8.7±2.7 years, the primary outcome occurred in 8.5 % of the women consuming ≥ 2 diet drinks/day, compared to 6.9 %, 6.8 % and 7.2 % in the 5-7/week, 1-4/week and 0-3/month groups, respectively. After controlling for other CVD risk factors, women who consumed ≥ 2 drinks/day had a higher adjusted risk of CVD events (HR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.1-1.5), CVD mortality (HR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.03-2.3) and overall mortality (HR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.04-1.5) compared to the reference group (0-3 drinks/month). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis demonstrates an association between high diet drink intake and CVD outcomes and mortality in post-menopausal women in the WHI OS.

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Leukocyte Count as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women

Margolis

Manson

Greenland³

et al. 2005

Arch Intern Med

266

104

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The women's health initiative recruitment methods and results

Cited by 673 publications

References 9 publications

Breastfeeding History and Risk of Stroke Among Parous Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative

Breastfeeding History and Risk of Stroke Among Parous Postmenopausal Women in the Women's Health Initiative

Diet Drink Consumption and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Report from the Women’s Health Initiative

Leukocyte Count as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women

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