Gene Regulation by Thyroid Hormone

Wu, Yingliang; Koenig, Ronald J.

doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(00)00263-0

Cited by 211 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The biological actions of THs are brought about by their binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), which are members of the nuclear receptor super-family (Mangelsdorf et al 1995;Wu and Koenig 2000). Two TR isoforms have been identified in most vertebrates and are designated TR-a and TR-b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid and pituitary gland development from hatching through metamorphosis of a teleost flatfish, the Atlantic halibut

et al. 2005

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Fish larval development, not least the spectacular process of flatfish metamorphosis, appears to be under complex endocrine control, many aspects of which are still not fully elucidated. In order to obtain data on the functional development of two major endocrine glands, the pituitary and the thyroid, during flatfish metamorphosis, histology, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques were applied on larvae of the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), a large, marine flatfish species, from hatching through metamorphosis. The material was obtained from a commercial hatchery. Larval age is defined as day-degrees (D°=accumulated daily temperature from hatching). Sporadic thyroid follicles are first detected in larvae at 142 D°(27 days post-hatch), prior to the completion of yolk sack absorption. Both the number and activity of the follicles increase markedly after yolk sack absorption and continue to do so during subsequent development. The larval triiodothyronine (T 3 ) and thyroxine (T 4 ) content increases, subsequent to yolk absorption, and coincides with the proliferation of thyroid follicles. A second increase of both T 3 and T 4 occurs around the start of metamorphosis and the T 3 content further increases at the metamorphic climax. Overall, the T 3 content is lower than T 4 . The pituitary gland can first be distinguished as a separate organ at the yolk sack stage. During subsequent development, the gland becomes more elongated and differentiates into neurohypophysis (NH), pars distalis (PD) and pars intermedia (PI). The first sporadic endocrine pituitary cells are observed at the yolk sack stage, somatotrophs (growth hormone producing cells) and somatolactotrophs (somatolactin producing cells) are first observed at 121 D°( 23 days post-hatch), and lactotrophs (prolactin producing cells) at 134 D°(25 days post-hatch). Scarce thyrotrophs are evident after detection of the first thyroid follicles (142 D°), but coincident with a phase in which follicle number and activity increase (260 D°). The somatotrophs are clustered in the medium ventral region of the PD, lactotrophs in the anterior part of the PD and somatolactotrophs are scattered in the mid and posterior region of the pituitary. At around 600 D°, coinciding with the start of metamorphosis, somatolactotrophs are restricted to the interdigitating tissue of the NH. During larval development, the pituitary endocrine cells become more numerous. The present data on thyroid development support the notion that thyroid hormones may play a significant role in Atlantic halibut metamorphosis. The time of appearance and the subsequent proliferation of pituitary somatotrophs, lactotrophs, somatolactotrophs and thyrotrophs indicate at which stages of larval development and metamorphosis these endocrine cells may start to play active regulatory roles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid and pituitary gland development from hatching through metamorphosis of a teleost flatfish, the Atlantic halibut

et al. 2005

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“…Based on studies with other T3-responsive genes, it has been proposed that class-I HDACs binds to a co-repressor complex which associates with the un-ligand-TR complex on the hormone responsive DNA binding site, leading to repression of gene transcription. In the presence of T3 and the HDAC-inhibitor, the ligand occupied TR complex goes through a conformational change that permits recruitment of a co-activator together with HAT, and this complex directs the activation of gene transcription from the TRE sites [133]. A similar mechanism is likely to participate for the TSA-dependent induction of αMHC expression in the presence of thyroid hormone (Fig 2B).…”

Section: Chromatin Modifying Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors controlling cardiac myosin-isoform shift during hypertrophy and heart failure

Gupta

2007

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology

180

163

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“…Thus, direct TH action on neuronal differentiation genes may be responsible for at least some of the known effects of TH on amphibian neuronal development such as its promotion of cytodifferentiation in the lateral motor column (Beaudoin, 1956;Race, 1961;Reynolds, 1963;Hughes, 1966;Decker, 1976) and other parts of the nervous system (reviewed in Kollros, 1981;Denver, 1998). However, it is currently unknown, which THresponsive genes are instrumental in mediating these effects in amphibians, even though several neuronspecific TH-responsive genes (Denver et al, 1997;Denver, 1998) Tsai and O'Malley, 1994;Shi et al, 1996Shi et al, , 1998Tata, 1996;Zhang and Lazar, 2000;Wu and Koenig, 2000). Effective DNA binding requires dimerization with other nuclear receptors, preferrably retinoid X receptors (RXR; reviewed in Zhang and Pfahl, 1993;Shi et al, 1996Shi et al, , 1998Tata, 1996;Zhang and Lazar, 2000;Wu and Koenig, 2000).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormones Promote Neurogenesis In the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is currently unknown, which THresponsive genes are instrumental in mediating these effects in amphibians, even though several neuronspecific TH-responsive genes (Denver et al, 1997;Denver, 1998) Tsai and O'Malley, 1994;Shi et al, 1996Shi et al, , 1998Tata, 1996;Zhang and Lazar, 2000;Wu and Koenig, 2000). Effective DNA binding requires dimerization with other nuclear receptors, preferrably retinoid X receptors (RXR; reviewed in Zhang and Pfahl, 1993;Shi et al, 1996Shi et al, , 1998Tata, 1996;Zhang and Lazar, 2000;Wu and Koenig, 2000). In Xenopus, TR/RXR heterodimers have been shown to be more effective than TR alone in regulating transcription of several target genes Puzianowska-Kuznicka et al, 1997).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormones Promote Neurogenesis In the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Xenopus, TR/RXR heterodimers have been shown to be more effective than TR alone in regulating transcription of several target genes Puzianowska-Kuznicka et al, 1997). Whereas TR or the TR/RXR heterodimer act as transcriptional repressors in their unliganded form, TH binding not only relieves repression but activates target gene transcription above the basal level (Damm et al, 1989;Graupner et al, 1989;Baniahmad et al, 1990;Damm and Evans, 1993;Puzianowska-Kuznicka et al, 1997;reviewed in Wolffe and Shi, 1999;Zhang and Lazar, 2000;Wu and Koenig, 2000).…”

Section: Thyroid Hormones Promote Neurogenesis In the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thyroid hormone promotes neurogenesis in the Xenopus spinal cord

Schlosser

Koyano-Nakagawa

Kintner

2002

Developmental Dynamics

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Three phases of neurogenesis can be recognized during Xenopus spinal cord development. An early peak during gastrulation/ neurulation is followed by a phase of low level neurogenesis throughout the remaining embryonic stages and a later peak at early larval stages. We show here that several genes known to be essential for early neurogenesis (X-NGNR-1, XNeuroD, XMyT1, X-Delta-1) are also expressed during later phases of neurogenesis in the spinal cord, suggesting that they are involved in regulating spinal neurogenesis at later stages. However, additional neuronal determination genes may be important during larval stages, because X-NGNR-1 shows only scant expression in the spinal cord during larval stages. Thyroid hormone treatment of early larvae promotes neurogenesis in the spinal cord, where thyroid hormone receptor xTR␣ is expressed from early larval stages onward and results in precocious up-regulation of XNeuroD, XMyT1, and N-Tubulin expression. Similarly, thyroid hormone treatments of Xenopus embryos, which were coinjected with xTR␣ and the retinoid X receptor xRXR␣, repeatedly resulted in increased numbers of neurons, whereas unliganded receptors repressed neurogenesis. Our findings show that thyroid hormones are sufficient to up-regulate neurogenesis in the Xenopus spinal cord.

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Gene Regulation by Thyroid Hormone

Cited by 211 publications

References 44 publications

Thyroid and pituitary gland development from hatching through metamorphosis of a teleost flatfish, the Atlantic halibut

Thyroid and pituitary gland development from hatching through metamorphosis of a teleost flatfish, the Atlantic halibut

Factors controlling cardiac myosin-isoform shift during hypertrophy and heart failure

Thyroid hormone promotes neurogenesis in the Xenopus spinal cord

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