Bilayer dimensions and movement in artificial muscles

Otero, Toribio F.; Sansiñena, J.M.

doi:10.1016/s0302-4598(96)05112-4

Cited by 178 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…11d, a and a ). 122 A direct relationship exists between the charge and the described angle (Figs. 11D, c and c ).…”

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…42 12.1.1 Dual Sensing-Actuators: Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles. Equation (17) states that the evolution of the muscle potential during actuation is affected, as obtained empirically 26,108,121,122,124,[129][130][131][132][133] by the electrolyte concentration, the temperature, any mechanical variable acting on the volume variation (trailed weights, obstacles, pressure) and frequency. Driven by a constant current, the potential of the muscle (and the consumed electrical energy) during the description of the same angular amplitude every time, that is, from Figs.…”

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

129

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Electro-generations of conducting polymers are fast processes through a complex mechanism of parallel reactions giving mixed materials. The films are three-dimensional electrochemical reactors: reactive macromolecules, ions, and solvent. The film composition and its related properties reviewed here change by oxidation/reduction along several orders of magnitude under control. One reaction shifts different properties (multifunctionality). In one device several reaction driven tools, actuators and sensor, work simultaneously (full integration

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“…11d, a and a ). 122 A direct relationship exists between the charge and the described angle (Figs. 11D, c and c ).…”

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Artificial Muscles: Polymeric Electrical Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Otero

2013

Polymer Reviews

129

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“…Sometimes doping reduces the tensile modulus and attainable strain to about 1 per cent in cases where the effect of doping is greater, because of the lateral separation of the polymer chain required to accommodate the dopant molecule (Osada et al 1992;Osada & Gong 1993). Modification of the mechanical properties can also be achieved through the variation of the alkyl chain length (Otero & Sansihena 1997). Also, solubility can be achieved through the addition of appropriate side chain groups.…”

Section: Mechanical Property Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Ravichandran

Sundarrajan

Venugopal

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

362

247

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Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted much interest as suitable matrices of biomolecules and have been used to enhance the stability, speed and sensitivity of various biomedical devices. Moreover, CPs are inexpensive, easy to synthesize and versatile because their properties can be readily modulated by (i) surface functionalization techniques and (ii) the use of a wide range of molecules that can be entrapped or used as dopants. This paper discusses the various surface modifications of the CP that can be employed in order to impart physico-chemical and biological guidance cues that promote cell adhesion/proliferation at the polymer-tissue interface. This ability of the CP to induce various cellular mechanisms widens its applications in medical fields and bioengineering.

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“…The reaction times are shorter for thinner films [116]. This is due to the fact that the switching rate between two states is limited by the ionic diffusion.…”

Section: Linear Actuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They construct actuation devices from micrometers to millimeters size. The active part of these micromuscles is PPy doped with DBS -and their design and operation are based on the work developed by Jager, Inganäs and Smela [47,52,53,73,74,[116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125]. Devices have been developed such as tubes to be used to construct blood vessel sealers; microgrippers for handling objects from 30 µm until mm size; hinges for instance in a self-assembling cube or as joints in microrobots capable to manipulate single cells (Fig.…”

Section: Technological Applications Based On the Actuation Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

Cortés

Moreno

2003

E-Polymers

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Natural muscles have mechanical properties that conventional actuators do not possess. These natural machines show large strain, moderate stress, high efficiency and stability, fast response time, high power/weight ratio, long lifetime, etc. In the last years a great interest has arisen to develop materials that mimic natural mechanisms. Conducting polymers have an array of potential applications as artificial muscles since they are capable to produce a moderate displacement when submitted to an electrochemical reaction. This property has been used to fabricate actuator devices that imitate and even improve the performance of natural muscles. For example, conducting polymers show stresses 15 times higher than those generated by mammalian muscles, a high power/weight ratio and a high degree of compliance. However, there are also several responses that need improvement in the actuators based on conducting polymers. Strains are still c. 50% lower than in natural muscles. Most of this kind of actuators only work in liquid media. It is necessary to increase the response time and obtain more durable actuators with longer lifetime and higher stability. In spite of these disadvantages, the first actuators based on conducting polymers are being commercialized. This paper presents a brief summary of some of the actuators based on these polymers, focusing on their design, performance and actuation mechanism.

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Bilayer dimensions and movement in artificial muscles

Cited by 178 publications

References 16 publications

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Biomimetic Conducting Polymers: Synthesis, Materials, Properties, Functions, and Devices

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Artificial muscles based on conducting polymers

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