The genes of the Green Revolution

Hedden, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(02)00009-4

Cited by 1,028 publications

(693 citation statements)

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“…Dwarfism is often caused by mutations in genes controlling the biosynthesis or signaling pathway of the plant hormone GA (Peng et al, 1999;Hedden, 2003;Sun and Gubler, 2004). The most widely utilized semi-dwarf wheat cultivars in agriculture contain the Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b allele that encodes a mutant form of a DELLA protein, a GA signaling repressor (Peng et al, 1999;Hedden, 2003).DELLA proteins encoded by Rht and its orthologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; GAI, RGA, RGL1, and RGL2), maize (Zea mays; d8), grape (Vitis vinifera; VvGAI), barley (Hordeum vulgare; SLN1), and rice (SLR1) have conserved function as repressors of GA signaling (Sun and Gubler, 2004). Five DELLA protein genes (GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3) are present in Arabidopsis, and with the exception of RGL3, these genes have been shown to share partially overlapping roles in repressing GA-regulated plant growth and development .…”

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A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa

et al. 2005

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Mutations in the biosynthesis or signaling pathways of gibberellin (GA) can cause dwarfing phenotypes in plants, and the use of such mutations in plant breeding was a major factor in the success of the Green Revolution. DELLA proteins are GA signaling repressors whose functions are conserved in different plant species. Recent studies show that GA promotes stem growth by causing degradation of DELLA proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. The most widely utilized dwarfing alleles in wheat (Triticum aestivum; e.g. Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b) encode GA-resistant forms of a DELLA protein that function as dominant and constitutively active repressors of stem growth. All of the previously identified dominant DELLA repressors from several plant species contain N-terminal mutations. Here we report on a novel dwarf mutant from Brassica rapa (Brrga1-d) that is caused by substitution of a conserved amino acid in the C-terminal domain of a DELLA protein. Brrga1-d, like N-terminal DELLA mutants, retains its repressor function and accumulates to high levels, even in the presence of GA. However, unlike wild-type and N-terminal DELLA mutants, Brrga1-d does not interact with a protein component required for degradation, suggesting that the mutated amino acid causes dwarfism by preventing an interaction needed for its degradation. This novel mutation confers nondeleterious dwarf phenotypes when transferred to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus), indicating its potential usefulness in other crop species.Dwarfism is a desirable characteristic for many agricultural plants. In grain crops, dwarfism can reduce lodging and increase harvest index, and the breeding of dwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars was a major factor in the success of the Green Revolution (Khush, 2001). Dwarfism is often caused by mutations in genes controlling the biosynthesis or signaling pathway of the plant hormone GA (Peng et al., 1999;Hedden, 2003;Sun and Gubler, 2004). The most widely utilized semi-dwarf wheat cultivars in agriculture contain the Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b allele that encodes a mutant form of a DELLA protein, a GA signaling repressor (Peng et al., 1999;Hedden, 2003).DELLA proteins encoded by Rht and its orthologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; GAI, RGA, RGL1, and RGL2), maize (Zea mays; d8), grape (Vitis vinifera; VvGAI), barley (Hordeum vulgare; SLN1), and rice (SLR1) have conserved function as repressors of GA signaling (Sun and Gubler, 2004). Five DELLA protein genes (GAI, RGA, RGL1, RGL2, and RGL3) are present in Arabidopsis, and with the exception of RGL3, these genes have been shown to share partially overlapping roles in repressing GA-regulated plant growth and development . Genetic analysis indicates that RGA and GAI are the major repressors that modulate GA-mediated vegetative growth and floral induction; RGL2 is important in regulating seed germination; and RGL1 and RGL2, along with RGA, control flower development King et al., 2001;Lee et al., 2002;Cheng et al., 2004;Tyle...

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A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa

et al. 2005

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“…Dwarfing trait is very important in cereals that are prone to lodging, for example rice, wheat and finger millet. Major advances in rice and wheat breeding have led to the introduction of semi-dwarfing genes during the Green revolution [35] resulting in higher yields. The ultimate target in finger millet breeding should be the introduction of similar semi-dwarfing genes to improve yields as was done in rice and wheat.…”

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Response of Elite Kenyan Finger Millet (<i>Eleusine coracana, </i>L. Gaertn) Genotypes to Ethrel Application

Kunguni

Dangasuk

Matasyoh

et al. 2015

ILNS

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ABSTRACT. Finger millet is a staple food crop of many communities in Africa. The crop is highly nutritious and has incredible grain storage quality. Limited research investment in finger millet in the past has resulted in poor yields and there are currently no commercial hybrids. We investigated the response of different finger millet genotypes (Okhale-1, Gulu-E, KACCIMMI-72, IE 2872, IE 4115 and U-15) to the application of a plant growth regulator hormone (Ethrel). Six elite Kenyan finger millet varieties with contrasting agronomic traits were crossed in a 6 x 6 diallel pattern. To enhance male sterility across female parents, we subjected the plants to Ethrel at concentrations of 1,500ppm, 1,750ppm and 2,000ppm against a 0ppm check. Dwarfing of sprayed plants that resulted in less lodging and ultimately higher yields were observed among plants sprayed with Ethrel at different concentrations. Ethrel application at 2,000ppm had the most dwarfing effect on plants while spraying plants with 1,500ppm of Ethrel resulted in increased grain weight. Although our results demonstrate overall positive effect of Ethrel on finger millet production, the optimum concentrations for more efficient hybridization will still need to be determined.

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“…The application of dwarfing genes has resulted in increased yields, higher fertility, early maturity, and high tillering capacity (Khush, 2001;Hedden, 2003). In wheat, the reduced height (Rht) alleles, Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, have been found in more than 70% of modern wheat cultivars grown worldwide (Evans, 1998).…”

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Characterization and molecular mapping of a dwarf mutant in wheat

Jin

Sun

Li³

et al. 2013

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT.A spontaneous dwarf mutant of wheat was found in an F 5 generation line derived from a cross between Huamai No. 9 and Een No. 1 in 1998; it was named Huaai 01. We characterized the genetic pattern of Huaai 01 and mapped the gene controlling the dwarf trait. This dwarf mutant was found insensitive to exogenous gibberellic acid treatment, based on the length of the first leaf and the coleoptile at the seedling stage, suggesting that it plays a crucial role in the gibberellin response pathway. Genetic analysis revealed that a single gene that is partially recessive controls the dwarf phenotype in Huaai 01. We named the dwarfing gene Rht-B2. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) were examined as identifying markers linked to the Rht-B2 gene in an F 2 population. We screened 904 pairs of primers and identified 5 SSR markers linked to the Rht-B2 gene. Two markers, barc1096 and xgwm495, were located on the flanking region of the Rht-B2 gene at genetic distances of 2.9 and 3.3 cM, respectively. Based on published SSR linkage data for wheat, the Rht-B2 gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 4B. This identification and characterization of the Rht-B2 dwarfing gene will facilitate its utilization in wheat breeding.

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The genes of the Green Revolution

Cited by 1,028 publications

References 21 publications

A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa

A Novel Dwarfing Mutation in a Green Revolution Gene from Brassica rapa

Response of Elite Kenyan Finger Millet (<i>Eleusine coracana, </i>L. Gaertn) Genotypes to Ethrel Application

Characterization and molecular mapping of a dwarf mutant in wheat

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