Human health risk assessment from the presence of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Cunningham, Virginia; Binks, Stephen P.; Olson, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.006

Cited by 215 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Of the 67 compounds assessed only 7 had PEC/PNEC>1 and only 11 had PEC/PNEC>0.1. Schwab et al (2005) and Cunningham et al (2009) presented human health risk assessments for a range of active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or their metabolites, representing different drug classes, using environmental monitoring data. ADIs were used to estimate PNECs for both drinking water and fish ingestion.…”

Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

622

271

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This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.

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Section: Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

622

271

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“…Environmental exposures of humans and aquatic organisms to pharmaceuticals have been reported [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and the associated risks evaluated [17,[26][27][28]. For example, human health impacts were assessed from exposure to pharmaceutically active compounds in drinking water [14][15][16][17][18] and edible fish [19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmaceuticals in the Built and Natural Water Environment of the United States

Deo

Halden

2013

Water

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Abstract:The known occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the built and natural water environment, including in drinking water supplies, continues to raise concerns over inadvertent exposures and associated potential health risks in humans and aquatic organisms. At the same time, the number and concentrations of new and existing pharmaceuticals in the water environment are destined to increase further in the future as a result of increased consumption of pharmaceuticals by a growing and aging population and ongoing measures to decrease per-capita water consumption. This review examines the occurrence and movement of pharmaceuticals in the built and natural water environment, with special emphasis on contamination of the drinking water supply, and opportunities for sustainable pollution control. We surveyed peer-reviewed publications dealing with quantitative measurements of pharmaceuticals in U.S. drinking water, surface water, groundwater, raw and treated wastewater as well as municipal biosolids. Pharmaceuticals have been observed to reenter the built water environment contained in raw drinking water, and they remain detectable in finished drinking water at concentrations in the ng/L to μg/L range.

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“…These factors have been accounted for in models such as GREAT-ER (Geography-referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers : Feijtel. et al, 1997;Schroeder et al, 2002;Koormann et al, 2006;, LF2K-WQX (Price et al, 2010;Williams et al, 2009) QMX (Warren et al, 2005; and PhATE (Cunningham et al, 2009;Cunningham et al, 2010;Capdevielle et al, 2008) which are designed for higher tier risk assessments in specific catchments. However, the application of such models is limited by data requirements (location and sizes of point sources and river discharge statistics).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating surface water concentrations of “down-the-drain” chemicals in China using a global model

Whelan¹,

Hodges²,

Williams³

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

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Predictions of surface water exposure to "down-the-drain" chemicals are presented which employ grid-based spatially-referenced data on average monthly runoff, population density, country-specific per capita domestic water and substance use rates and sewage treatment provision. Water and chemical load are routed through the landscape using flow directions derived from digital elevation data, accounting for in-stream chemical losses using simple first order kinetics. Although the spatial and temporal resolution of the model are relatively coarse, the model still has advantages over spatially inexplicit "unit-world" approaches, which apply arbitrary dilution factors, in terms of predicting the location of exposure hotspots and the statistical distribution of concentrations. The latter can be employed in probabilistic risk assessments. Here the model was applied to predict surface water exposure to "downthe-drain" chemicals in China for different levels of sewage treatment provision.Predicted spatial patterns of concentration were consistent with observed water quality classes for China.Key Words: Global, Exposure, Chemical, Model, China Capsule AbstractA global-scale model was used to predict spatial patterns of "down-the-drain" chemical concentrations in China. Predictions were consistent with observed water quality classes, demonstrating the potential value of the model.3

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Human health risk assessment from the presence of human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Cited by 215 publications

References 19 publications

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Pharmaceuticals in the Built and Natural Water Environment of the United States

Estimating surface water concentrations of “down-the-drain” chemicals in China using a global model

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