2012
DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.007
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Abstract: Exposure to prenatal insults such as maternal stress and pathogenic infections has been associated with an increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanisms by which these programing events occur likely involve complex interactions between the maternal hormonal milieu, the placenta, and the developing fetus, in addition to compounding factors such as fetal sex and gestational stage of development. Despite the diverse biological processes involved, examination of common pathways in maternal stress… Show more

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Cited by 186 publications
(119 citation statements)
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“…The mechanisms through which perinatal stress affects pubertal development are still to be elucidated. Prenatal maternal stress increases offspring HPA axis sensitivity, anxiety and cognitive deficits, suggesting alteration of neurodevelopment (Howerton and Bale, 2012). The mechanisms by which early life experience, especially stress, is able to program brain development seem to involve epigenetic modulation of individual genes or large gene clusters.…”
Section: Stress and Timing Of Puberty: Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The mechanisms through which perinatal stress affects pubertal development are still to be elucidated. Prenatal maternal stress increases offspring HPA axis sensitivity, anxiety and cognitive deficits, suggesting alteration of neurodevelopment (Howerton and Bale, 2012). The mechanisms by which early life experience, especially stress, is able to program brain development seem to involve epigenetic modulation of individual genes or large gene clusters.…”
Section: Stress and Timing Of Puberty: Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Psychosocial stressors are life experiences, such as the death of a family member, natural disasters, daily hassles and job-related situations [6], that necessitate coping behaviors by the individual experiencing them [7]. Pregnant women often experience stressors that are unique to their situation, such as prenatal screenings [7], concerns about infant health and development [7], or having an unwanted pregnancy [6].…”
Section: Physiology Of Maternal Distress During Pregnancymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nevertheless, carriers of parental information in the gametes may include RNA and prions, in addition to DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. Recent data also demonstrate that non-gametic inheritance occurs via parental hormones, immune molecules, and even microorganisms (Howerton and Bale, 2012) (Figure 1). Still other non-gametic mechanisms of inheritance are social or behavioral transmission of phenotypes, a topic extensively covered in previous reviews (Meaney, 2001;Champagne and Meaney, 2007;Cameron et al, 2008), as well as in this issue.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Somatic cells, for example neurons in the developing brain, can acquire properties during fetal or early postnatal life from their parents, in particular from their mother (but also from their father), via the transfer of bioactive molecules. These bioactive substrates include hormones, cytokines, immune cells, and even parental microorganisms (Howerton and Bale, 2012) (Figure 1). For example, stress during pregnancy results in increased levels of glucocorticoids that can alter the HPA axis and the stress response of the offspring (Koehl et al, 1999).…”
Section: Environmental Effects Perpetuated Via 'Non-gametic' Transmismentioning
confidence: 99%