Altitude training for elite endurance athletes: A review for the travel medicine practitioner

Flaherty, Gerard; O’Connor, Rory; Johnston, Niall

doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.03.015

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Athletes currently use training under hypoxia as a method to enhance performance at sea level or to prepare competitions at altitude. The addition of hypoxia during training elicits higher metabolic stress and can promote selective adaptive responses for aerobic performance [169,170]. Recently, it was found that repeated-sprint training in hypoxia also enhances repeated sprint ability in swimming and team-sports [171,172,173].…”

Section: Exercise In Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise

Sanchez

Candau

Bernardi³

2019

Cells

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Significant progress has expanded our knowledge of the signaling pathways coordinating muscle protein turnover during various conditions including exercise. In this manuscript, the multiple mechanisms that govern the turnover of cellular components are reviewed, and their overall roles in adaptations to exercise training are discussed. Recent studies have highlighted the central role of the energy sensor (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), forkhead box class O subfamily protein (FOXO) transcription factors and the kinase mechanistic (or mammalian) target of rapamycin complex (MTOR) in the regulation of autophagy for organelle maintenance during exercise. A new cellular trafficking involving the lysosome was also revealed for full activation of MTOR and protein synthesis during recovery. Other emerging candidates have been found to be relevant in organelle turnover, especially Parkin and the mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Mul1) pathways for mitochondrial turnover, and the glycerolipids diacylglycerol (DAG) for protein translation and FOXO regulation. Recent experiments with autophagy and mitophagy flux assessment have also provided important insights concerning mitochondrial turnover during ageing and chronic exercise. However, data in humans are often controversial and further investigations are needed to clarify the involvement of autophagy in exercise performed with additional stresses, such as hypoxia, and to understand the influence of exercise modality. Improving our knowledge of these pathways should help develop therapeutic ways to counteract muscle disorders in pathological conditions.

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Section: Exercise In Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise

Sanchez

Candau

Bernardi³

2019

Cells

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“…This signalling pathway we took as a basis of our model. Our study was carried out on elite athletes at the moderate altitude (1850-2400 m) that is regular used by sport practitioners to enhance altitude and sea level performance and a lot of data from the literature are available (R. Chapman and Levine, 2007;Flaherty, O'Connor, & Johnston, 2016). When an athlete faces the hypoxic exposure, the first trigger that starts the adaptation process is decrease of the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) that leads to the increase of the EPO production by the kidneys (Jelkmann, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-response modelling of total haemoglobin mass to hypoxic dose in elite speed skaters

Vinogradov¹,

Zelenkova

2020

Preprint

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The aim of the present study is the modelling of the total haemoglobin mass responses in altitude environment with the dose-response model in elite endurance athletes and comparison different existing approaches in the quantification of hypoxic dose.Data from seven healthy elite endurance athletes specialised in middle distance speed skating participated in the study: six males (24±1.8 years, 182 ±0.3 cm, 84 ±1.5 kg, BMI 23.2±0.6 kg/m 2 , 59.3±1.5 ml/kg/min) and one female (21 years, 164 cm, 56 kg, BMI 17.1 kg/m 2 , 59.9 ml/kg/min). Data were collected during a 3-month training period which included two training camps (14 +14 days) at sea level and two training camps (21+21 days) at altitude of 1224 m and 1850 m above sea level. Total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) were measured before the start of the season (baseline) and before and after each training camp (seven measurements) using an optimized CO-rebreathing method, training loads and oxygen saturation at altitude were measured and hypoxic dose were calculated.Mean total haemoglobin mass for the male group at the base line were 1067±83 g, before the training camp 1 were 1095±82 g, after TC1 1113±105 g, before the training camp 2 (TC2) 1107±88 g, after TC2 1138±104 g. For the female athlete at the base line were 570 g, after TC1 564 g, after TC2 582 g.The increase of tHb-mass after TC2 were 3,25% and were significant (p<0,005). Mean hypoxic dose for the male group TC1 were %·h (98%) 1078±157 ,%·h (95%) 79±57 , and km.h 473±1 and at TC2 were %·h(98%) 1586±585, %·h (95%) 422±182, and km.h 893±18 and were different from TC1 (p<0,05) for %·h (95%) and km.h methods. For the female athlete hypoxic dose at TC1 were %·h (98%) 970, %·h (95%) 32 , and km.h 470 and at TC2 were %·h(98%) 1587, %·h (95%) 289, and km.h 900.The relationship between hypoxic dose and haematological response was analysed with a non-linear model. The magnitude of the increase of the total haemoglobin mass were investigated using simulation procedures based upon individual responses to the hypoxic dose. We introduced a measurement error to the list square method as a way of avoiding overfitting problem. Dose-response mathematical model between hypoxic dose and total haemoglobin mass was developed. Modelled total haemoglobin mass was within measurement error range. This model is suitable for the computer simulations. The individual response to hypoxic dose due to model data was different. Maximal values in total haemoglobin mass that can be achieved 3 by male athletes according to the model was 1321.9 ± 32 g. The model predicted that (τ) erythrocyte life span is 73.8 ± 9.0 days. Moreover, highest value of individual tHb-mass increase after returning to the sea level according to the model was16.3 ±0.7 days.The model developed in the current study describes the time course of total haemoglobin mass during altitude exposure and post-altitude decline in elite speed skaters.

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“…Though the different hypoxic training methods have gained popularity recently [8], scientific debate continues into whether the hypoxic training has any performance benefit for athletes [9][10][11]. A number of research projects have failed to demonstrate the improvement in sea level performance after IHT [9,[12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it has been suggested that hypoxic training sessions appear to require longer recovery periods compared to normoxic training [15]. The review published by Flaherty et al [16] provides an overview of potential problems which an athlete may experience at altitude.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity in athlete’s response to strength effort in normobaric hypoxia

Michnik

Drzazga

Schisler

et al. 2018

J Therm Anal Calorim

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The hypoxia may be used during exercise training sessions in humans with the aim of improving athletic performance. The effect of normobaric hypoxia strength training on thermal properties of blood serum has been evaluated in a group of 12 male and female athletes using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Each athlete was tested under normoxic and simulated hypoxic (4000 m, F i O 2 = 13% and 5000 m, F i O 2 = 11.3%) conditions during squats with a barbell (70% 1RM) exercise. A substantial inter-individual variation in the effects of hypoxia on serum DSC curves has been observed. The effect of exercising in normobaric hypoxia has been found greater for men than for the women. When the work intensity is high enough, the strength exercise in hypoxia can trigger an acute-phase response. Calorimetric and biochemical data have shown that men's exercising in hypoxia could increase the concentration of acute-phase proteins: haptoglobin and/or C-reactive protein. Our results suggest that 24-h period of rest is sufficient to return to the pre-exercise state after normoxic as well as hypoxic training session for both men and women. The recovery seems to be faster after the training in normobaric hypoxia conditions than in normoxia in the male but not in the female group of athletes.

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Altitude training for elite endurance athletes: A review for the travel medicine practitioner

Cited by 33 publications

References 109 publications

Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise

Recent Data on Cellular Component Turnover: Focus on Adaptations to Physical Exercise

Dose-response modelling of total haemoglobin mass to hypoxic dose in elite speed skaters

Diversity in athlete’s response to strength effort in normobaric hypoxia

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