Hamstring injuries: update article

Abstract

Hamstring (HS) muscle injuries are the most common injury in sports. They are correlated to long rehabilitations and have a great tendency to recur. The HS consist of the long head of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. The patient's clinical presentation depends on the characteristics of the lesion, which may vary from strain to avulsions of the proximal insertion. The most recognized risk factor is a previous injury. Magnetic resonance imaging is the method of choice for the injury diagnosis and classification. Many classification systems have been proposed; the current classifications aim to describe the injury and correlate it to the prognosis. The treatment is conservative, with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the acute phase followed by a muscle rehabilitation program. Proximal avulsions have shown better results with surgical repair. When the patient is pain free, shows recovery of strength and muscle flexibility, and can perform the sport's movements, he/she is able to return to play. Prevention programs based on eccentric strengthening of the muscles have been indicated both to prevent the initial injury as well as preventing recurrence.

Acute Tennis Injuries in the Recreational Tennis Player

“…11,29 An insufficient warm-up and a reduced muscle strength and joint range of motion are reported to be risk factors for muscle injuries. 2,6,20,29…”

“…11,29 An insufficient warm-up and a reduced muscle strength and joint range of motion are reported to be risk factors for muscle injuries. 2,6,20,29 An Achilles tendon rupture is a common acute injury in tennis players 19,30 and occurs usually through a push-off mechanism, a sudden and unexpected dorsiflexion of the ankle, or a violent dorsiflexion of a plantarflexed foot. 12 Given the sudden multidirectional movement changes in tennis, unexpected ankle dorsiflexion or sudden push-off can occur abruptly.…”

The value of MRI STIR signal intensity on return to play prognosis and reinjury risk estimation in athletes with acute hamstring injuries

“…Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are known to be one of the most common injuries in sports. 1,2 They often result in lengthy absence from sport, ranging from a couple of weeks to several months and high recurrence rates, ranging from 12 to 33%. 1 There is a clear clinical need for either primary prevention or proper counseling to minimize the risk of recurrence.…”

“…1,2 They often result in lengthy absence from sport, ranging from a couple of weeks to several months and high recurrence rates, ranging from 12 to 33%. 1 There is a clear clinical need for either primary prevention or proper counseling to minimize the risk of recurrence. 3 Systematic reviews have shown that there is no strong evidence for commonly used Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.008 1440-2440/© 2021 Sports Medicine Australia.…”

Study protocol for a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial evaluating clinical effects of platelet-rich plasma injection for acute grade-2 hamstring tear among high performance athletes

“…[1][2][3][4][5] Previous studies have recorded hamstring injury prevalence ranging from 23% to 50% of muscle injuries in sports. [6][7][8] In most instances, a hamstring injury is caused by indirect trauma associated with non-contact activities that require sprinting, jumping and ballistic movements of the lower limb. 6 8 Performing these movements requires the hamstring muscle to eccentrically contract and develop tension while lengthening.…”